models of health psychology

Since 1985 application of the TTM has influenced service planning, provision and training agendas at local, regional and national levels (Bunton, Baldwin, Flynn, & Whitelaw, 2000). & Rennie, T. (2007). Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. Health psychology and behavioral medicine contribute the biopsychosocial model of health and disease. However, recent marital breakdown has resulted in a disruption to his home and family life and he is lacking the motivation and self confidence to make positive changes which he knows will benefit his health. Introduction to Volume 3: Models and Perspective in Health Psychology —Robert G. Frank, Jan L. Wallander, and Andrew Baum. Why are some people better motivated to…. Health belief model The health belief model (HBM) is a cognition model, i.e. British Journal of Nutrition 83: 277-285. It is probable that different groups in society, including the different groups in the health service ‐ doctors, nurses and patients ‐ look at health and illness from partly different models. University. Movement or transition through the stages is driven by self-efficacy (the confidence in oneself to change behaviour) and decisional balance (weighing up the costs or benefits to the behaviour), relapsing backward and forwards through the stages is also common (Morris, Marzano, Dandy and O’Brien, 2012). Exam preparation for questions relating to the different models of health psychology. *You can also browse our support articles here >, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-3991(94)90033-7, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Precaution+Adoption+Process+Model%3a+need+for+experimentation+in…-a0169677077, http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Prevention.aspx. Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Module. Published: 3rd Apr 2018 in propose that people pass through a series of discrete stages as they attempt to change their behavior. The School of Pharmacy, University of London, The Free Library, Precaution Adoption Process Model: need for experimentation in alcohol and drug education.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. Stretcher, V., & Rosenstock, I.M. VAT Registration No: 842417633. 2016/2017 By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Not only examines the present state of health psychology but also provides the reader with an exciting glimpse of its future. STUDY. What needs to be changed? The current status of the “Biopsychosocial” Model in health psychology is contested and arguably exists in a stage of infancy. Depict behavior change as a process, not an event Suggest that different variables will be important depending on what stage a person is in. Health Education Monographs. It makes it the only area that sticks to the biopsychological model. Company Registration No: 4964706. Becker MH. models of ind ividual health behavior change, relying primarily o n the criteria of Glantz and colleagues. Are Current Health Behavioral Change Models Helpful in Guiding Prevention of Weight Gain Efforts? The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a cognition model originally developed by Hochbaum in the 1950’s with later versions of the model being added in the 70’s (Rosenstock 1966; 1974) (cited by Conner and Norman, 2008/2005). Trinity College Dublin University of Dublin. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Bunton et.al, (2000) remarks on the rise in popularity of the TTM. Other critiscisms of the HBM are that it is too focused on the individual and does not consider social, economic and emotional factors (Strecher et al, 1997). Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? doi: 10.1038/oby.2003.222. The Department of Practice and Policy. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbein and Ajken, 1975) or in its extended form Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Ajken, 1988) are formed based on the idea that the greatest predictor of behaviour is of behavioural intention (Ogden, 2012). Health psychology suggests a role for the mind in both the reasons and treatment and of diseases and challenges the mind-body split. A Review of the use of the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) to study and predict health related behaviour change. In the case of psychology, though, emphasis is placed largely on mental rather than physical health. Why People Use Primary Care Health Services. In response to criticism the HBM has been adapted to include self-efficacy and health motivation (Ogden, 2012). How the state taxes the people, be it a flat tax, regressive tax or a progressive tax system. (1997). The transtheoretical model (TTM), also known informally as the stages-of- change model, has been influential in the field of health psychology. In fact, many pioneers in the field of psychology were originally trained in medicine. Health psychology is concerned with the psychology of a range of health-related behaviors, including healthy eating, the doctor-patient relationship, a patient’s understanding of health information, and beliefs about illness. Examples of areas where TTM has been used include studies in the area of dietary changes, exercise and activity promotion, sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy prevention (cited in Morris, Marzano, Dandy and O’Brien, 2012). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analytic review. Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model and Precaution Adoption Process Model. This is also a good time to provide advice based on health statistics, for instance combining smoking with a healthier diet and more exercise will reduce his risk of coronary heart disease (NHS Choices). The TRA model has been used to show patterns of behaviours such as fat, salt and milk intake whereas the TPB model was used to give details of attitudes and beliefs about starchy foods in the UK (Stubenitsky & Mela, 2000). Modelling and modifying young heterosexuals’ HIV-preventive behaviour; a review of theories, findings and educational implications. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Forest Research, Theories: Behaviour Change Report. All work is written to order. PLAY. Taylor, D., (2006). Health psychology focuses on how our biology, social context and psychological states influence health and illness. The main aim will be to get Chris from the Contemplation stage to the Preparation stage and beyond. Although similar in some ways, the difference between the PAPM and the TTM is the extra stages, PAPM has 2 additional stages which includes the decided not to act stage which makes a clear distinction between having never thought about adopting a precaution before and having thought about it but deciding not to act (Conner & Norman, 2008/2005). This essay may contain factual inaccuracies or out of date material. The core of the TTM is the stages-of-change construct, which is a set of five classifications. Encourage and motivate through listening to Chris’s own motivations for change. At this Pre-contemplation-Contemplation stage motivational interviewing may be helpful. Critical Public Health, 10(1), 55-70. doi: 10.1080/713658223, Morris, J., Marzano, M., Dandy, N. & O’Brien, L. (2012). Copyright © 2003 - 2021 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. The ‘stages of change’ model in health promotion: Science and Ideology. Study for free with our range of university lectures! In addition to attitudes, for example, exercise is fun and will improve my health, the TRA added subjective norms, using the perception of social pressure to perform a behaviour, for example, a desire to please others and gain approval. Regimen Factors. a model that emphasises the way an individual provides a rationale for their behaviour without particular reference to a social context. Since the 1950s, interest in the role psychological health plays in overall well-being has grown. Health has played a significant role throughout the history of psychology. Protection Motivation Theory and Adolescent Drug Trafficking: Relationship Between Health Motivation and Longitudinal Risk Involvement. Health Psychology ® is the official scientific journal of the Society for Health Psychology (Division 38 of the American Psychological Association). The notion of motivation and self-efficacy can be found in most models of health behaviour (Ogden, 2012). The development of the Health Belief Model (HBM) by a team of psychologists, i… Lewis, & B.K. Through motivational interviewing Chris can identify what his priorities are. The Transtheoretical model (TTM) was developed in the 1980’s by a group of researchers at the University of Rhode Island. Criticisms of the TPB and TRA focus on methods used to test theory and the extent at which they can predict behaviour (Ogden, 2012). The different models were assumed to depict different, but related, ways of representing health and disease. Psychology, Module Title: Sociology and Psychology and Public Health. The most common applications are of social cognitive theory , , , within which the health belief model , , the theory of reasoned action , and the theory of planned behavior are most prevalent. Baranowski, T., Cullen, K. W., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., & Baranowski, J. The HBM was conceived by Rosenstock (1966) and has undergone revision and development, primarily by Becker (1974). Social factors include such things as social support systems, family relationships, and cultural beliefs. Both models are used in many areas of health promotion in relation to behaviour change, in current UK policy setting they can be found in exercise intentions; weight gain prevention and eating behaviour; addiction related behaviours; HIV prevention and condom use (Taylor, 2006). Taking a multidisciplinary approach to the subject, we look at how psychology can be used to help us better understand health and health behaviours, looking at everything from preventing ill health to managing long-term conditions and developing effective healthcare provision. The Health Belief Model. These interpreations lead to feelings of anxiety, physical reactions, and safety behaviors, which all act to reinforce the health appraisals. History and Development of Health Psychology. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Introduction This article, the first in a series on health psychology, introduces the subject and some of the models which seem particularly relevant to diabetes care. Health Belief Model and Personal Health Behavior. This is considered to have significant implications for the health service. You can understand the health psychology and biopsychosocial model considering the points given below: The causes of … The TTM has most frequently been applied to smoking cessation, but has also been applied to many other health-related behaviors. In summary each model has its own unique aspects, Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (1994). The framework of PMT is based on using the appeal of fear to influence attitudes and behaviours. Patient Education and Counseling, 23(3), 173-186. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-3991(94)90033-7. Stubenitsky K, Mela DJ (2000) UK consumer perceptions of starchy foods. This model was originally developed to predict the participation in screening tests and vaccination programmes with the focus on single preventative behaviours, more recently it has been used in areas of lifestyle behaviours which may sometimes involve life-long behaviours (Baranowski, Cullen, Nicklas, Thompson, & Baranowski, 2003) various studies such as Abraham and Sheeran (1994) have questioned the appropriateness of using the HBM as a perceived threat to motivate behaviour with some groups, for example, groups of children and adolescent who assume they will live forever (Baranowski et al., 2003). Health psychology uses the biosocial model to examine different areas of a person's life and set individualized goals. (2003). We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. This essay will aim to review a number of established health behaviour models focusing on Cognition Models, Social Cognition Models and Stage Models in relation to public health and health promotion interventions. Elements of a social model Edit Taxation Edit. Chris is aware he has some health issues. Exercise: Suggest exercise plan which includes family activities, swimming, cycling (NHS.UK/livewell/fitness), (NHS.uk/letsgetmoving), Diet: Cut down on takeaways, suggest alternative treats to replace the usual weekend takeaway food, and cooking together with the children a great way to learn and motivate, provide nutritional information/guidelines for salt, fat and sugar intake and suggest ways to set achievable targets, Smoking: Cutting down on smoking to reduce major health risks, Social: To join fitness clubs based on interests and ability, http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Yourlifestyle/Beingactive, NHS Choices. It has made an important contribution to the prediction of health What makes some people more able than others to lose weight? I will look at how applying health psychology can be used to motivate and change Chris’s behaviour. Some features of the site may not work correctly. Today, the main approach used in health psychology is known as the biosocial model. The differences between the biomedical and the biopsychosocial model are precisely illustrated and powerful evidence is given to demonstrate the urgent need for a change of models in order to cope with the psychological health changes of the 21st century. Health psychology encompasses a wide range of issues — from chronic pain to terminal illness — with the goals of helping people improve their quality of life and addressing specific health issues. The health belief model: explaining health behavior through expectancies In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK, eds. Individual Factors. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. These include the health belief model, the health locus of control model, the theory of planned behaviour, and the transtheoretical theory of behaviour change. Health psychology consultancy is defined in the Stage 2 Handbook as ‘the use of specialist health psychology skills and knowledge to provide a service to an external business client, for example, public, private or third sector organisations’ (BPS, 2015a: 37). Model for Integrating Medicine and Psychology. 1 Their review of articles published between 1992-1994 Chris has children whom he sees at the weekend, children are a great excuse for exercise. This is considered to have significant implications for the health service. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Health Psychology (PS3417) Academic year. You are currently offline. 1974;2:324-473. In K. Glanz, F.M. Looking for a flexible role? 2. visiting the doctor, to discuss his symptoms and circumstances, therefore, the Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model will be what I am focusing on during this case study. The health belief model and health behavior. behavi-ours, beliefs) and social (e.g. Biological factors include inherited personality traitsand genetic conditions. Models of Comprehensive Assessment and Treatment Planning (2014). The model is still in common use. With each stage self-efficacy will improve helping to motivate Chris to abstain from unhealthy patterns. This case study is based on Chris, a 40 year old man. Review of the use of the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) to study and predict health related behaviour change. Theories and models of behaviour and behaviour change. Psychological factors involve lifestyle, personality characteristics, and stress levels. It is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness. Models of health behaviour have been developed to understand how people make decisions about their health and predict the likelihood that health behaviour change will occur. The Development of Psychology as a Health Science —Andrew Baum, Nathan W. Perry Jr., and Sally Tarbell; II. Emotional Health And Models Of Well Being Positive Psychology, Traditional Medicine Taking care of your mind, decreasing stress and anxiety as well as anxiety, lowering sleep disturbances, being kind to yourself and others. TTM was first used in smoking cessation in studies carried out by DiClemente and Prochaska (1982), and is often referred to as simply the stages of change model. The HBM is based on the probability that individuals are influenced by a threatened disease or illness based on a belief that they are vulnerable to a condition; there would be consequences of the condition if no action was taken; that they can prevent a condition developing by taking action; or the benefits of reducing risk of developing a condition are greater than the cost of taking action (add reference). Limitations of the model have been suggested by Conner and Norman (2008, pg 247) in that fundamental problems with the definition and measurement of the stages are present. Buy Models of Mental Health (Foundations of Mental Health Practice) 1st ed. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. Rosenstock IM. Mindfulness reflection is an experiment multiple benefits for every person. Health The Social Model of Health. The social model of health considers a broader range of factors that influence health and wellbeing, for example, environmental, economic, social and cultural. There are several health psychology theories that have been used to predict adherence to medications . The TPB adapted the TRA model by adding a concept of perceived behavioural control, which is the individuals perception as to whether the behaviour will be easy or difficult, the concept is similar to Bandura’s (1982) concept of self-efficacy (Conner and Norman, 2008/2005). Obesity Research, 11(S10), 23S-43S. Models of the Interaction of Psychosocial and Physical Factors. It is probable that different groups in society, including the different groups in the health service--doctors, nurses and patients--look at health and illness from partly different models. Rimer (Eds.) The Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) developed by Rogers 1975/1985 (cited in Ogden, 2012 pg 50), expands on the Health Belief Model with the addition of emotional factors such as, introducing an element of fear. 2007). Students could begin by considering how a person’s health could be influenced (positively and/or negatively) by each of these four factors. Research Perspectives. Module Title: Sociology and Psychology and Public Health Part 1 Literature Review Health behaviour can be described as behaviour aimed to prevent or detect disease (Kasl and Cob, 1966). Bunton, R., Baldwin, S., Flynn, D., & Whitelaw, S. (2000). Based on the five stages of change of the Transtheoretical change model Chris would be between stage 1 Pre-contemplation and stage 2 Contemplation. Taylor, D., Bury, M., Campling, N., Carter, S., Garfield, S., Newbould, J. Other advantages of the PAPM are that it allows for messages to be tailored at each stage of the model which is helpful in situations where resistance to change is high and its simple questioning method makes it suitable for both individual and group settings, Weinstein & Sandman (2002), (The Free Library, 2014). Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. Comorbid Psychopathology. The health belief model and personal health behavior. The TPB and TRA differ from the HBM and PMT models in that they have added an element of social and environmental factors by including normative beliefs. First suggested by Weinstein (1988) and further refined by Weinstein and Sandman (1992) the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) specifies seven stages ranging from ignorance to maintenance of the behaviour. The research for the model was centered on the fear-drive model which sees fear as a force by which to motivate trial and error behaviour (Conner & Norman, 2008/2005). Since Chris is already aware of his health situation and has made some steps i.e. Questions such as, what other activities would you and the children enjoy? The health belief model (HBM; Becker 1974) was developed in the 1950s by a group of social psychologists working in the field of public health who were seeking to explain why some people do not use health services such as immunization and screening. a virus), psychological (e.g. Do We Really Need More Research? The traditional view of health is that the mind and body are separate entities. Health psychology and the focus on the biopsychological model. Health Behaviour and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice (2nd ed.). Info: 2495 words (10 pages) Essay This model of health anxiety conceptualizes threat interpretations as being central to the experience of anxiety. Our MSc Health Psychology is designed to give you a solid grounding in all the main areas of health psychology. Health Psychology Chapter 4 Stage Models. The different models were assumed to depict different, but related, ways of representing health and disease. 3. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Health psychology attempts to move away from a simple linear model of health and looks at the combination of factors involved in illness – biological (e.g. Disease Factors. Clinical Health Psychologists have been promoting and advocating for integrated care for many years but have always remained a cinderella service in favour of medical models of care (and in many acute Trusts, clinical health psychology services have been decommissioned in recent years). The medical model is a model of health which suggests that disease is detected and identified through a systematic process of observation, description, and differentiation, in accordance with standard accepted procedures, such as medical examinations, tests, or a set of symptom descriptions. The amount of taxation is also crucial, as lower tax rates can be more business friendly, generating jobs and reducing unemployment, whereas higher taxes can be used to fund public services, state pensions and unemployment benefits. Armitage, E, C.J. I. Overview. Empowerment: An Idea Whose Time Has Come in Diabetes Education. Retrieved Jan 15 2015 from:http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Precaution+Adoption+Process+Model%3a+need+for+experimentation+in…-a0169677077, Wu, Y., Stanton, B. F., Li, X., Galbraith, J., & Cole, M. L. (2005). Coronary Heart Disease Prevention http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Prevention.aspx. Despite original goals, medical researchers have developed theoretical and empirical integrations across bio-psycho-social domains only to a limited extent. Models of Health Psychology. employment). A study (Wu, Stanton, Li, Galbraith, & Cole, 2005) that used PMT to establish health motivation and risk involvement, was successful in using PMT to predict behavioural intention in a variety of behavioural areas such as, smoking cessation, exercise and diet, cancer prevention and condom protection to name but a few. Psychological factors can affect health directly. Please refer to an authoritative source if you require up-to-date information on any health or medical issue. Its mission is to advance the science and practice of evidence-based health psychology and behavioral medicine. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! According to this view, illness and health are the results of a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.3 1. In this video I explain the Biopsychosocial Model used in health psychology and how it can be applied to our idea of health and wellbeing. The TPB model is used widely in health fields (Armitage and Conner 2001; Taylor et al. Setting the agenda – there are several factors that Chris faces, many which could be improved by diet, exercise and smoking, but social and emotional factors must be taken into consideration. & Conner, M. (2001). The model is based on the theory that a person's willingness to change their health behaviorsis primarily due to the following factors. The model suggests that health related behaviour change occurs through five stages know as: Pre-contemplation; contemplation; preparation; action and maintenance (Conner and Norman, 2008/2005). Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30(2), 127-137. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsi001. By working through decisional balance, helping Chris to see how the pros of lifestyle behaviour change can outweigh the cons. Talk about the health behaviours that impact the children exercise/diet, they have a sedentary lifestyle when they visit, this would be an ideal time to engage with Chris and get him to address the lack of exercise, poor diet by using the time he spends at the weekend with the children. 2015 by Gavin Davidson, Jim Campbell, Ciaran Shannon, Ciaran Mulholland (ISBN: 9781137365903) from Amazon's Book Store. Health behaviour can be described as behaviour aimed to prevent or detect disease (Kasl and Cob, 1966). PMT has not received the same level of criticism as HBM however, many criticisms of the HBM also relate to PMT, largely in that it does not allow for social and environmental factors (Ogden 2012, pg 52). If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! A recently revised version of this model argues for the reorientation of the fields of health and medical sciences such that research and clinical practice encompass both health and illness. When identifying a theory or model to guide health promotion or disease prevention programs, it is important to consider a range of factors, such as the specific health problem being addressed, the population(s) being served, and the contexts within which the program is being implemented. The first stage is, unawareness of issue; second, unengaged by issue; third, deciding about acting; fourth, deciding not to act; fifth, decided to act; sixth, acting; and finally seventh, the maintenance stage. Stage models. The biomedical model of mental health, has been around for centuries as the predominant model used by some physiciatrists in the diagnosis of mental disorders.The term is used by practitioners of of biological psychiatry, in contrast to the biopsychosocial model, which incorporates psychological and social factors.. Adopting an exercise pattern into daily life can reduce blood pressure, (Blood Pressure UK) easier to start off with small exercise sessions and build up gradually. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. The Biopsychosocial Model. Discover the recommendations of our specialist to find out just how to […] British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-99.
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