[251] As models disagree on the feasibility of land-based negative emissions methods for mitigation, strategies based on them are risky. [289] The Paris Agreement reiterated that developing countries must be financially supported. Shown: Texas, USA. [116] Soils contain large quantities of carbon and may release some when they heat up. Ellington focuses on the Gaia hypothesis, and describes the Earth as a single living organism fighting back against humankind.[21]. Supported projects include narrative films, documentary films, and new media projects that align with themes of social justice, empowerment, and cultural exchange. Shown: Telly, Mali. [35] Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as its word of the year in 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it". [197] Current inequalities between men and women, between rich and poor, and between different ethnicities have been observed to worsen as a consequence of climate variability and climate change. The main causes of deforestation are: permanent land-use change from forest to agricultural land producing products such as beef and palm oil (27%), logging to produce forestry/forest products (26%), short term shifting cultivation (24%), and wildfires (23%). However, the actions that resulted from readers' heightened consciousness reveal that awareness is only as valuable as the cultural messages about possible actions to take that are in circulation. ", "Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Technologies", "The UK Has Declared a Climate Emergency: What Now? [320], Climate protests have risen in popularity in the 2010s in such forms as public demonstrations,[321] fossil fuel divestment, and lawsuits. Get high-quality papers at affordable prices. [28], Before the 1980s, when it was unclear whether warming by greenhouse gases would dominate aerosol-induced cooling, scientists often used the term inadvertent climate modification to refer to humankind's impact on the climate. Ian McEwan's Solar (2010) follows the story of a physicist who discovers a way to fight climate change after managing to derive power from artificial photosynthesis. [199], Low-lying islands and coastal communities are threatened through hazards posed by sea level rise, such as flooding and permanent submergence. The Southern Hemisphere already had little sea ice in summer before it started warming. [267] Direct global fossil fuel subsidies reached $319 billion in 2017, and $5.2 trillion when indirect costs such as air pollution are priced in. [241] Meeting Paris Agreement goals could save about a million of those lives per year worldwide from reduced pollution by 2050. Nok art refers to huge human, animal, and other figures made out of terracotta pottery, made by the Nok culture and found throughout Nigeria. Storm intensification. [145] Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. Sea-level rise increases flooding in low-lying coastal regions. [90], While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming. [57] Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world. [279] Global emissions have risen since signing of the UNFCCC, which does not actually restrict emissions but rather provides a framework for protocols that do. [30], Fiction in a setting defined in part by climate crisis, Milner A and Burgmann JR. Cli-Fi Climate Fiction and Climate Change, Monash University. Ecological collapse. To determine the human contribution, known internal climate variability and natural external forcings need to be ruled out. FILMMAKERS WITHOUT BORDERS (FWB) supports independent filmmakers around the world via grants and other funding initiatives. Bleaching has damaged the Great Barrier Reef and threatens reefs worldwide. [58] Melting of glaciers and ice sheets in the Arctic disrupts ocean circulation, including a weakened Gulf Stream, causing increased warming in some areas. [230], To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, renewable energy would become the dominant form of electricity generation, rising to 85% or more by 2050 in some scenarios. Books, stories and films about climate change fall under the genre of climate fiction. [55] The remainder of the additional energy has melted ice and warmed the continents and the atmosphere. Climate Focus Client Brief on the Paris Agreement III", Warming projections global update, December 2019, Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene, The missing economic risks in assessments of climate change impacts, "The climate regime from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or sinking the Kyoto Protocol? [196] The World Bank estimates that climate change could drive over 120 million people into poverty by 2030. Senate. [330], In the 1950s, Gilbert Plass created a detailed computer model that included different atmospheric layers and the infrared spectrum and found that increasing CO2 levels would cause warming. [207], Agricultural changes. [81] The ocean also serves as a significant carbon sink via a two-step process. [218] Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C generally project the large-scale use of carbon dioxide removal methods in addition to greenhouse gas reduction approaches, [219] and -in most cases- include reaching "net negative emissions to return global warming to 1.5°C following a peak. In his posthumous Paris in the Twentieth Century, written in 1883 and set during the 1960s, the titular city experiences a sudden drop in temperature, which lasts for three years. [167], The oceans have heated more slowly than the land, but plants and animals in the ocean have migrated towards the colder poles faster than species on land. [330] From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO2 levels increasing,[331] but his calculations met the same objections. Afterwards, the ocean's overturning circulation distributes it deep into the ocean's interior, where it accumulates over time as part of the carbon cycle. They thought climate would be self-regulating. [135] Fossil fuel resources are too abundant for shortages to be relied on to limit carbon emissions in the 21st century. [270] More prescriptive methods that can reduce greenhouse gases include vehicle efficiency standards, renewable fuel standards, and air pollution regulations on heavy industry. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or with any other assignments, it is no problem for us. Changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" including ice ages. 23. The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but also more snow area and sea ice, because of how the land masses are arranged around the Arctic Ocean. ", "What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change? [161] Sea level rise will continue over many centuries, with an estimated rise of 2.3 metres per degree Celsius (4.2 ft/°F) after 2000 years. 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