Global Warming vs. [50] Another key indicator is the cooling of the upper atmosphere, which demonstrates that greenhouse gases are trapping heat near the Earth's surface and preventing it from radiating into space. ", "Co-financing in the green climate fund: lessons from the global environment facility", "Status of Treaties, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "Explainer: Why a UN climate deal on HFCs matters", "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming", Weart "The Public and Climate Change (since 1980)", Yale Climate Connections, 2 November 2010, Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect", Weart "Suspicions of a Human-Caused Greenhouse (1956–1969)", "Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science", "Chapter 8: Climate Models and their Evaluation", "Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change", "Chapter 1: Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems", "Chapter 19: Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change", "Chapter 2: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface", "Chapter 5: Information from Paleoclimate Archives", "Chapter 10: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change: from Global to Regional", "Chapter 11: Near-term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability", "Chapter 12: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility", "Chapter 7: Food Security and Food Production Systems", "Chapter 11: Human Health: Impacts, Adaptation, and Co-Benefits", "Chapter 18: Detection and Attribution of Observed Impacts", "Chapter 19: Emergent Risks and Key Vulnerabilities", "Chapter 5: Drivers, Trends and Mitigation", "Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development", "Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5ºC Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems", "Chapter 4: Strengthening and Implementing the Global Response", "Chapter 5: Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities", "Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities", "Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities", "Wind amplifies the polar sea ice retreat", "Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife", "Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment", "On the financial viability of negative emissions", "Environmental impacts of high penetration renewable energy scenarios for Europe", "Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990–2015", "Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward", "Human Migration in the Era of Climate Change", "Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather", "Climate Change, Adaptation, and Development", "Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming", "Managing the health effects of climate change", "Classifying drivers of global forest loss", "The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860", "Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World", "Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model", "Climate-Forced Variability of Ocean Hypoxia", "Global warming has increased global economic inequality", "Chapter 2: Physical Drivers of Climate Change", "Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change", "AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global, "The Structure of Climate Variability Across Scales", "Making sense of the early-2000s warming slowdown", "The Justice and Legitimacy of Geoengineering", "Ethics of mitigation, adaptation and geoengineering", "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol", "Mobilising civil society: can the climate movement achieve transformational social change? Soil carbon sequestration and coastal carbon sequestration are less understood options. [7] Temperature rise is amplified in the Arctic, where it has contributed to melting permafrost and the retreat of glaciers and sea ice. [307] Scientists have issued two warnings to humanity, in 2017 and 2019, expressing concern about the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change, and about untold human suffering as a consequence. In his posthumous Paris in the Twentieth Century, written in 1883 and set during the 1960s, the titular city experiences a sudden drop in temperature, which lasts for three years. "[16] Robinson's climate-themed novel, titled New York 2140, was published in March 2017. [55] The remainder of the additional energy has melted ice and warmed the continents and the atmosphere. increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [253] While some adaptation responses call for trade-offs, others bring synergies and co-benefits. [238] Hydropower growth has been slowing and is set to decline further due to concerns about social and environmental impacts. An increase in dissolved CO2 is causing oceans to acidify. The popular science-fiction novelist Kim Stanley Robinson focused on the theme in his Science in the Capital trilogy, which is set in the near future and includes Forty Signs of Rain (2004), Fifty Degrees Below (2005), and Sixty Days and Counting (2007). [159] Oceanic CO2 uptake is slow enough that ocean acidification will continue for hundreds to thousands of years. [103] Present-day volcanic CO2 emissions are equivalent to less than 1% of current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. [58] Melting of glaciers and ice sheets in the Arctic disrupts ocean circulation, including a weakened Gulf Stream, causing increased warming in some areas. [324] Litigation is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action, with many lawsuits targeting governments to demand that they take ambitious action or enforce existing laws regarding climate change. Events like the June 2019 European heat wave are becoming more common. Adaptation consists of adjusting to actual or expected climate,[25] such as through improved coastline protection, better disaster management, and the development of more resistant crops. Shown: Venice, Italy. [29] Global warming became the most popular term after NASA climate scientist James Hansen used it in his 1988 testimony in the U.S. [272], As the use of fossil fuels is reduced, there are Just Transition considerations involving the social and economic challenges that arise. ", UNFCCC, "What are United Nations Climate Change Conferences? [6], Jules Verne's 1889 novel The Purchase of the North Pole imagines climate change due to tilting of Earth's axis. [108] Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions. [215], Although there is no single pathway to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2.0 °C (2.7 or 3.6 °F),[216] most scenarios and strategies see a major increase in the use of renewable energy in combination with increased energy efficiency measures to generate the needed greenhouse gas reductions. [121] A climate model is a representation of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the climate system. [326] Starting in 1859,[327] John Tyndall established that nitrogen and oxygen (99% of dry air) are transparent to infrared, but water vapour and traces of some gases (significantly methane and carbon dioxide) both absorb infrared and, when warmed, emit infrared radiation. [150] While ice-free summers are expected to be rare at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) degrees of warming, they are set to occur once every three to ten years at a warming level of 2.0 °C (3.6 °F). These models simulate how population, economic growth, and energy use affect—and interact with—the physical climate. Arctic warming. ", "2019 was the year of 'climate emergency' declarations", "Getting to 100% renewables requires cheap energy storage. [130], Various Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) can be used as input for climate models: "a stringent mitigation scenario (RCP2.6), two intermediate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP6.0) and one scenario with very high [greenhouse gas] emissions (RCP8.5)". A key approach is to use computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique "fingerprints" for all potential causes. The largest driver of warming … Natural processes, such as carbon fixation in the soil and photosynthesis, more than offset the greenhouse gas contributions from deforestation. [14] The novel's protagonist, Jimmy, lives in a "world split between corporate compounds", gated communities that have grown into city-states and pleeblands, which are "unsafe, populous and polluted" urban areas where the working classes live. [225] Renewable energy technologies include solar and wind power, bioenergy, geothermal energy, and hydropower. This might seem impossible but with our highly skilled professional writers all your custom essays, book reviews, research papers and other custom tasks you order with us will be of high quality. [183] Young children are the most vulnerable to food shortages, and together with older people, to extreme heat. [298] Major countries in Asia have made similar pledges: South Korea and Japan have committed to become carbon neutral by 2050, and China by 2060. [312], Public debate about climate change has been strongly affected by climate change denial and misinformation, which originated in the United States and has since spread to other countries, particularly Canada and Australia. [231] Investment in coal would be eliminated and coal use nearly phased out by 2050. With such various and fertile imaginations at work on the same topic, whether in fiction or nonfiction, the challenge facing the environmental writer now is standing out from the crowd (not to mention the headlines).". [278] As stated in the convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained. [236] The use of hazardous materials has been raised as an additional concern with solar power. [259] The public sector, private sector, and communities are all gaining experience with adaptation, and adaptation is becoming embedded within their planning processes. [266] As of 2019, carbon pricing covers about 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. For such an order you are expected to send a revision request and include all the instructions that should be followed by the writer. [129] The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes". [246], Where energy production or CO2-intensive heavy industries continue to produce waste CO2, the gas can be captured and stored instead of being released to the atmosphere. Moreover, the responses of some readers suggest that works of climate fiction might lead some people to associate climate change with intensely negative emotions, which could prove counterproductive to efforts at environmental engagement or persuasion. [296] In November 2019 the European Parliament declared a "climate and environmental emergency",[297] and the European Commission presented its European Green Deal with the goal of making the EU carbon-neutral by 2050. If clouds become more high and thin, they act as an insulator, reflecting heat from below back downwards and warming the planet. [30] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, set up in 1988 to provide formal advice to the world's governments, spurred interdisciplinary research. ", "Estimating and tracking the remaining carbon budget for stringent climate targets", "Rethinking standards of permanence for terrestrial and coastal carbon: implications for governance and sustainability", "Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions", "Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect", "Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions", "Stable Carbon Cycle–Climate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene", "Land/sea warming ratio in response to climate change: IPCC AR4 model results and comparison with observations", "Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services", "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern, "Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study", "Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast", "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity", "Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release", "Climate change, ecosystems and abrupt change: science priorities", "The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds", 10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2, "On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connection of Radiation, Absorption, and Conduction", "Accelerating extinction risk from climate change", "Air quality co-benefits for human health and agriculture counterbalance costs to meet Paris Agreement pledges", "Chapter 1: Our Globally Changing Climate", "Sensitivity of global greenhouse gas budgets to tropospheric ozone pollution mediated by the biosphere", "Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health", "The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate", "Rise of interdisciplinary research on climate", "Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling", "Feedbacks on climate in the Earth system: introduction", "What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007? [106] The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water-vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds. Solar energy reaches the surface as the atmosphere is transparent to solar radiation. An example is the employment of workers in the affected industries, along with the well-being of the broader communities involved. ", "Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates", "The Paris Agreement: Summary. For instance, the benefits in terms of public health and local environmental improvements of coal phase-out exceed the costs in almost all regions. [174], Arctic warming. Other authors who have used this subject matter include: Many journalists, literary critics, and scholars and have speculated about the potential influence of climate fiction on the beliefs of its readers. In the industrial era, volcanic activity has had negligible impacts on global temperature trends. To date, three empirical studies have examined this question. [170] Harmful algae bloom enhanced by climate change and eutrophication cause anoxia, disruption of food webs and massive large-scale mortality of marine life. Many arctic animals rely on sea ice, which has been disappearing in a warming Arctic. ", "What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change? Climate fiction (sometimes shortened cli-fi) is literature that deals with climate change and global warming. For instance, the change from a dark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight. Deforestation can also contribute to changing temperatures by affecting the release of aerosols and other chemical compounds that influence clouds, and by changing wind patterns. [329] Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO2 would make no difference. [291] In November 2020, the United States withdrew from the Paris Agreement. [7] Several well-known dystopian works by British author J. G. Ballard deal with climate-related natural disasters: In The Wind from Nowhere (1961), civilization is reduced by persistent hurricane-force winds, and The Drowned World (1962) describes a future of melted ice-caps and rising sea-levels caused by solar radiation. [1][2] Not necessarily speculative in nature, works may take place in the world as we know it or in the near future. Shown: Telly, Mali. [57] Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world. [169] Ocean acidification is impacting organisms who produce shells and skeletons, such as mussels and barnacles, and coral reefs; coral reefs have seen extensive bleaching after heat waves. [323] Mass civil disobedience actions by groups like Extinction Rebellion have protested by causing disruption. Nok art refers to huge human, animal, and other figures made out of terracotta pottery, made by the Nok culture and found throughout Nigeria. [241] Meeting Paris Agreement goals could save about a million of those lives per year worldwide from reduced pollution by 2050. [315] Many who deny, dismiss, or hold unwarranted doubt about the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change are labelled as "climate change skeptics", which several scientists have noted is a misnomer. [ 91 ] Limiting New black carbon deposits in the amount of the Earth a! Abundant for shortages to be relied on to limit carbon emissions budget is determined by modelling the carbon cycle Nations. Highlighted at James Hansen 's 1988 Congressional testimony but also increases energy demand `` ''. Pricing mechanisms include carbon taxes and emissions trading systems volcanic forcing soil and photosynthesis, more offset... Water vapour is a complex system linked to many of the atmosphere and by oceans... 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