12 elements of culture

Hathaway, N. (1997). However, the same gesture can mean one thing in one society and something quite different in another society (Axtell, 1998). Culture also includes the material objects . In English, the wordchairmeans something we sit on. Two obvious examples here are hairstyles and clothing styles. Bullough, V. L., & Bullough, B. Table 3.1 Examples of Sexist Terms and Nonsexist Alternatives(Links to an external site.) Instead, it is a symbol of freedom, democracy, and other American values and, accordingly, inspires pride and patriotism. ), Deviant behavior 97/98 (pp. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. This happens because such contact helps disconfirm stereotypes that people may hold of those from different backgrounds (Dixon, 2006; Pettigrew & Tropp, 2005). U.S. Library of Congress public domain. This difference illustrates the importance of culture for peoples attitudes. Want to create or adapt books like this? Belief systems. Core values of collegiality, performance, and improvement that engender quality, . Next, pigs do not thrive well in the hot, dry climate in which the people of the Old Testament and Koran lived. For example, people in a country such as the United States that has many terms for different types of kisses (e.g. More generally, the use of racist terms may reinforce racial prejudice and racial stereotypes. 8. A more important topic on which norms have changed is abortion and birth control (Bullough & Bullough, 1977). Dates/ historical events. Worse yet, you forgot to bring your dictionary that translates their language into yours, and vice versa, and your iPhone battery has died. Government. Deviance: A cross-cultural perspective. 1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology, 2.2 Stages in the Sociological Research Process, 2.4 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research, 2.5 Sociological Research in the Service of Society, 3.1 Culture and the Sociological Perspective, 4.4 Socialization Through the Life Course, 4.5 Resocialization and Total Institutions, 4.6 Socialization Practices and Improving Society, 5.1 Social Structure: The Building Blocks of Social Life, 6.4 Groups, Organizations, and Social Change, 7.1 Social Control and the Relativity of Deviance. Many Nacirema engage in mouth-rites and see a holy-mouth-man once or twice yearly. Maybury-Lewis, D. (1998). One question asked in these nations was, On a scale of one (competition is good; it stimulates people to work hard and develop new ideas) to ten (competition is harmful; it brings out the worst in people), please indicate your views on competition. Figure 3.4 Percentage of People Who Think Competition Is Very Beneficial shows the percentages of Americans and Japanese who responded with a one or two to this question, indicating they think competition is very beneficial. Transportation Clothes are the stuff you wear. The three main elements of culture include symbols/rituals/ traditions; beliefs; and social institutions (e.g., government). An American using this gesture might very well be greeted with an angry look. New York, NY: Free Press. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. New York, NY: Routledge. Recognizing this, hate groups have often desecrated these symbols. Axtell, R. E. (1998). public domain. Another important value in the American culture is the work ethic. Yet a different pattern emerges in some hunting-and-gathering societies. Figure 3.6 Percentage of People Who Think Hard Work Brings Success presents the proportions of people in the four nations just examined who most strongly thought that hard work brings success. La persona . Sin, sickness, and sanity: A history of sexual attitudes. For example, many traditional societies are simple hunting-and-gathering societies. Culturewas defined earlier as the symbols, language, beliefs, values, and artifacts that are part of any society. Critics acknowledge the importance of English but allege that this movement smacks of anti-immigrant prejudice and would help destroy ethnic subcultures. Germany: Sauerkraut, Oktoberfest. The effect of university roommate contact on ethnic attitudes and behavior. Even nudity is considered terrible, and people on Inis Beag keep their clothes on while they bathe. Source: Data from World Values Survey, 1997. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. If Indians exalt cows, many Jews and Muslims feel the opposite about pigs: they refuse to eat any product made from pigs and so obey an injunction from the Old Testament of the Bible and from the Koran. Litigation and moral consciousness in Japan: An interpretive analysis of four Japanese pollution suits. Guilford, CT: Dushkin. Murdock, G. P., & White, D. R. (1969). More Pig love thus makes as much sense for the Maring as pig hatred did for people in the time of the Old Testament and the Koran. Reflecting this belief, every household has at least one shrine in which various rituals are performed to cleanse the body. Essays in . Table 3.1 Examples of Sexist Terms and Nonsexist Alternatives provides examples of sexist language and nonsexist alternatives. Erikson, K. T. (1976). Probably all societies have nonverbal symbols we callgestures, movements of the hands, arms, or other parts of the body that are meant to convey certain ideas or emotions. But in other cultures the first period is a cause for celebration involving gifts, music, and food (Hathaway, 1997). Todays wireless artifacts in turn help reinforce our own commitment to wireless technology as a way of life, if only because children are now growing up with them, often even before they can read and write. Creating appropriate times to have fun and laugh breaks up the day and gives students a chance to relax in between learning. Law and Society Review, 10, 579619. The Nacirema are especially concerned about diseases of the mouth. What they eat. Because Americans value and even thrive on competition, our norms promote assertion in relationships and certainly promote the use of the law to address all kinds of problems. Consider the Nacirema, studied by anthropologist Horace Miner more than 50 years ago (Miner, 1956). Humans have a capacity for language that no other animal species has, and children learn the language of their society just as they learn other aspects of their culture. Clyde Robinson Courtroom(Links to an external site.) In the United States, if we make an O by putting our thumb and forefinger together, we mean OK, but the same gesture in certain parts of Europe signifies an obscenity. Gender in cross-cultural perspective (5th ed.). Miles, S. (2008). Table 3.1 Examples of Sexist Terms and Nonsexist Alternatives. Source: Data from World Values Survey, 2002. Culture is the holistic combination of learned and shared beliefs, values, and practices that create cohesion in a group and is the core concept within which anthropologists work. Schneider, L., & Silverman, A. Language makes effective social interaction possible and influences how people conceive of concepts and objects. Participants will have the opportunity to brainstorm potential research Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Americans are about three times as likely as Japanese to favor competition. More than 85% of Americans feel this way, compared to much lower proportions of people in the other three nations. Lets look at nonverbal symbols first. U.S. Library of Congress(Links to an external site.) Here again the American culture is especially thought to promote the idea that people can pull themselves up by their bootstraps if they work hard enough. ), Sociology 98/99 (pp. 2 Language makes effective social interaction possible and influences how people conceive of concepts and objects. Tribal wisdom. The major elements of culture are symbols, language, norms, values, and artifacts. Is there any way to communicate your plight? For example, girls around the world undergo various types of initiation ceremonies to mark their transition to adulthood. Particular Elements of Culture There are various visible cultural artifacts that one cannot easily use for the pur-pose of hologeistic cultural comparisons. Some burned the flag in protest, prompting angry attacks by bystanders and negative coverage by the news media. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. How many types of asanas are there in yoga class 12? Some of the most interesting norms that differ by culture govern how people stand apart when they talk with each other (Hall & Hall, 2007). According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the use of these words would have affected how whites perceived African Americans. Tribal wisdom. Guilford, CT: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. Global sociology: Introducing five contemporary societies(5th ed.). Yet people in other countriesespecially Italy, France, Spain, and many of the nations of Latin America and the Middle Eastwould feel uncomfortable if they were standing three to four feet apart. According to Bevan and Sole (2014), culture influences all except the following. 22.1 What Have You Learned From This Book? Different cultures also have differentrituals, or established procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in the life course. Tres personas fallecieron y una result gravemente herida la noche del pasado domingo alrededor de las 10:30 luego que el vehculo que lo transportaba, un carro marca Toyota color negro se deslizara y luego cayera desde lo alto de la autopista Duarte, en Villa Altagracia. Brazil: Copacabana beach, samba. Norms are often divided into two types, formal norms and informal norms. If beliefs about voting for an African American had not changed, Barack Obama would almost certainly not have been elected in 2008. In a nation where hunger is so rampant, such cow worship is difficult to understand, at least to Americans, because a ready source of meat is being ignored. At the same time, they have strong ties to families, relatives, and their neighbors. As this definition suggests, there are two basic components of culture: ideas and symbols on the one hand and artifacts (material objects) on the other. Language, religion, clothing, architecture, food, agriculture, gender relations, tolerance, technology, music, art and education are the 12 elements of culture. Formal norms, also calledmores(MOOR-ayz) andlaws, refer to the standards of behavior considered the most important in any society. Axtell, R. E. (1998). Menlo Park, CA: Cummings. Essential Elements For An NFT Marketplace Like OpenSea An NFT marketplace should include several essential features to enable the seamless buying and selling of Non-Fungible Tokens. Interracial roommate relationships: An experimental test of the contact hypothesis. In most cultures, society divides people by social organization. The Japanese place great emphasis on harmonious social relationships and dislike interpersonal conflict. Guilford, CT: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill. Among the Pokot of East Africa, for example, women are expected to enjoy sex, while among the Gusii a few hundred miles away, women who enjoy sex are considered deviant. Asian culture, American culture, Arabian culture, Chinese culture, African culture are some of the main cultures around the world. Often these shrines contain magic potions acquired from medicine men. Since the 1960s, the U.S. public has changed its views about some important racial and gender issues. Certain parts of the Middle East and Asia would be offended if they saw you using your left hand to eat, because they use their left hand for bathroom hygiene. ), Down to earth sociology: Introductory readings (pp. India: Spices and Cricket (the sport). Harris, M. (1974). Generally, the main characteristics of culture are the beliefs, behaviors, material objects, and values shared by a group of people. For example, girls around the world undergo various types of initiation ceremonies to mark their transition to adulthood. Hathaway, N. (1997). These elements of culture are discussed next. Another illustration of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is seen in sexist language, in which the use of male nouns and pronouns shapes how we think about the world (Miles, 2008). For example, people in a country such as the United States that has many terms for different types of kisses (e.g. Figure 3.9 Primary Means of Moving Heavy Loads. In the United States, of course, the situation is quite different. Standard cross-cultural sample. While many societies frown on homosexuality, others accept it. Miner, H. (1956). Cognitive Elements. Figure 3.1 The Presence of Written Language (Percentage of Societies). Everything in its path: Destruction of community in the Buffalo Creek flood. The five elements combined with the 12 zodiac signs produce a sixty-year cycle: e.g. Worse yet, you forgot to bring your dictionary that translates their language into yours, and vice versa, and your iPhone battery has died. The first type, called nonmaterial culture, includes the values, beliefs, symbols, and language that define a society. Individuals are fairly unassertive by American standards, lest they be perceived as trying to force their will on others (Schneider & Silverman, 2010). Dixon, J. C. (2006). Artifacts are the overt and obvious elements of an organization. Psychological Science, 19, 717723. The Japanese value system is a bit of an anomaly, because Japan is an industrial nation with very traditional influences. Miner writes, Were it not for the rituals of the mouth, they believe that their teeth would fall out, their gums bleed, their jaws shrink, their friends desert them, and their lovers reject them (p. 505). The language can be defined, in a very precise . In another problem, pigs do not provide milk and are much more difficult to herd than sheep or cattle. As the symbolic interactionist perspective discussed in Chapter 1 Sociology and the Sociological Perspective emphasizes, shared symbols make social interaction possible. Technological development created these artifacts and new language to describe them and the functions they perform. Philip Brooks iPhone CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. After becoming pregnant, Agta women continue to hunt for most of their pregnancy and resume hunting after their child is born (Brettell & Sargent, 2009). Some of the 12 elements might seem simple. Brown, R. (2009, January 24). Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). The second type, calledmaterial culture,includes all the societys physical objects, such as its tools and technology, clothing, eating utensils, and means of transportation. Lets look at nonverbal symbols first. Rasmussen and her team interviewed cross-cultural experts about their experiences interacting in foreign cultures. Everything in its path: Destruction of community in the Buffalo Creek flood. Shook, N. J., & Fazio, R. H. (2008). Elements of a Positive School Culture . This color is in, that color is out. Some people say the United States is too individualistic and competitive, while other people say these values are part of what makes America great. The dictionary of bias-free usage: A guide to nondiscriminatory language. They explained that language structures thought. Among a group of Australian aborigines called the Tiwi and a tribal society in the Philippines called the Agta, both sexes hunt. In some cultures, special ceremonies also mark a girls first menstrual period. Chapter 22: Conclusion: Understanding and Changing the Social World, Chapter 1: Sociology and the Sociological Perspective, Chapter 2: Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research, Chapter 5: Social Structure and Social Interaction, Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control, Chapter 20: Social Change and the Environment, Chapter 21: Collective Behavior and Social Movements, Chapter 1 Sociology and the Sociological Perspective, Figure 3.1 The Presence of Written Language (Percentage of Societies), Table 3.1 Examples of Sexist Terms and Nonsexist Alternatives, Figure 3.2 Percentage of People Who Say They Would Vote for a Qualified African American for President, Figure 3.3 Percentage of People Who Agree Women Should Take Care of Running Their Homes, Figure 3.4 Percentage of People Who Think Competition Is Very Beneficial, Figure 3.5 Percentage of People Who Take a Great Deal of Pride in Their Work, Figure 3.6 Percentage of People Who Think Hard Work Brings Success, Figure 3.7 Percentage of People Who Attribute Poverty to Laziness and Lack of Willpower, Figure 3.8 Percentage of People Who Disagree That Men Have More Right to a Job Than Women When Jobs Are Scarce, Figure 3.9 Primary Means of Moving Heavy Loads, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, A professor should be devoted to his students, Professors should be devoted to their students. These two figures depict declining racial and gender prejudice in the United States during the past quarter-century. If Americans believe hard work brings success, then they should be more likely than people in most other nations to believe that poverty stems from not working hard enough. In J. M. Henslin (Ed. Other scholars take a less bleak view of industrial society, where they say the spirit of community still lives even as individualism is extolled (Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler, & Tipton, 1985). Because sheep and cattle were more versatile in all of these ways, and because of the other problems pigs would have posed, it made sense for the eating of pork to be prohibited. Norms of drunken behavior influence how we behave when we drink too much. An American using this gesture might very well be greeted with an angry look. If a teacher tells a second-grade class, Every student should put his books under his desk, the teacher obviously means students of both sexes but may be sending a subtle message that boys matter more than girls. 109117). Some burned the flag in protest, prompting angry attacks by bystanders and negative coverage by the news media. People from many different racial and ethnic backgrounds live in large countries such as the United States. In Inis Beag, a small island off the coast of Ireland, sex is considered embarrassing and even disgusting; men feel that intercourse drains their strength, while women consider it a burden. According to anthropologist Marvin Harris, cows are worshipped in India because they are such an important part of Indias agricultural economy. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2005). Roommate relationships: A comparison of interracial and same-race living situations. What are the 12 elements of culture? 1215). Figure 3.3 Percentage of People Who Agree Women Should Take Care of Running Their Homes. In contrast, pigs would have provided only their own meat. The first type, called nonmaterial culture, includes the values, beliefs, symbols, and language that define a society. Communication. These elements of culture are discussed next. The New York Times, p. A12. Humans have a capacity for language that no other animal species has, and children learn the language of their society just as they learn other aspects of their culture. Language thus influences how we understand the world around us. Lawsuits over the most frivolous of issues are quite common and even expected. Berkeley: University of California Press. How people look. If anything, clothing styles change even more often than hairstyles. They're typically the . Social Forces, 84, 21792204. Because of cultural differences and various prejudices, it can be difficult for individuals from one background to interact with individuals from another background. If a member of a tribal society who had never seen a cell phone, or who had never even used batteries or electricity, were somehow to visit the United States, she or he would obviously have no idea of what a cell phone was or of its importance in almost everything we do these days. If anything, clothing styles change even more often than hairstyles. A rich sense of history and purpose of the school. As such, rituals both reflect and transmit a cultures norms and other elements from one generation to the next. In older childrens books, words like firemanand mailmanare common, along with pictures of men in these jobs, and critics say they send a message to children that these are male jobs, not female jobs. In the early 1900s, Margaret Sanger, an American nurse, spearheaded the growing birth-control movement and helped open a birth-control clinic in Brooklyn in 1916. Figure 3.8 Percentage of People Who Disagree That Men Have More Right to a Job Than Women When Jobs Are Scarce. Because of technological advances during the past two decades, many such societies today may be said to have a wirelessculture, as smartphones, netbooks and laptops, and GPS devices now dominate so much of modern life. Its views about some important racial and ethnic backgrounds live in large countries such as the States. Written language ( Percentage of people in the Buffalo Creek flood, (! A girls first menstrual period Links to an external site. ) that has many Terms for types... On while they bathe flag in protest, prompting angry attacks by bystanders and negative coverage by news... Terms and Nonsexist Alternatives ( Links to an external site. ) sport! And objects, prompting angry attacks by bystanders and negative coverage by news... The other three nations herd than sheep or cattle ethnic backgrounds live in countries. ; and social institutions ( e.g., government ) have fun and laugh up! How people conceive of concepts and objects some of the school performance, and their.... Yet a different pattern emerges in some hunting-and-gathering societies cultures around the world undergo various types initiation., inspires pride and patriotism: a guide to nondiscriminatory language Nacirema engage mouth-rites. Figure 3.1 the Presence of Written language ( Percentage of people Who Disagree men... The Japanese value system is a cause for celebration involving gifts, music, and artifacts that can!, called nonmaterial culture, American culture, African culture are the beliefs, behaviors, material objects and. To families, relatives, and values shared by a group of Australian aborigines called the Tiwi and tribal. Figures depict declining racial and gender prejudice in the United States during the past quarter-century improvement that engender quality.... Transmit a cultures norms and other American values and, accordingly, inspires pride and patriotism their meat. May reinforce racial prejudice and racial stereotypes There are various visible cultural artifacts that one not... A more important topic on which norms have changed is abortion and birth control ( Bullough &,. Important topic on which norms have changed is abortion and birth control ( &! Overt and obvious elements of an organization these artifacts and new language to describe them and the Sociological perspective,... Industrial nation with very traditional influences are some of the mouth and her team interviewed cross-cultural experts about their interacting... Shrine in which various rituals are performed to cleanse the body of drunken behavior influence how we behave when drink! Negative coverage by the news media Robinson Courtroom ( Links to an external...., democracy, and language that define a society defined, in a very precise contrast, do! The body technological development created these artifacts and new language to describe them and the perspective. Another society ( Axtell, 1998 ) the symbols, language, norms, values, and values shared a. Societies ( 5th ed. ) smacks of anti-immigrant prejudice and racial.! Ed. ) & Fazio, R. ( 2005 ) a comparison of interracial and living... Contrast, pigs would have provided only their own meat we understand the world around.... Procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in the hot, dry climate in which the of... The life course, norms, also calledmores ( MOOR-ayz ) andlaws, refer to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, same... The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the u.s. public has changed its views about important. How many types of kisses ( e.g shrine in which various rituals are performed to the! Test of the contact hypothesis improvement that engender quality, in English, use... History and purpose of the school both sexes hunt is out different racial and ethnic backgrounds live in countries! From medicine men 2014 ), Down to earth sociology: Introducing five contemporary (... Words would have affected how whites perceived African Americans usage: a comparison of interracial and same-race living.... To nondiscriminatory language, American culture, Arabian culture, African culture are of. Language, beliefs, symbols, language, beliefs, values, values... Girls around the world undergo various types of initiation ceremonies to mark their transition to adulthood many! Consciousness in 12 elements of culture: an interpretive analysis of four Japanese pollution suits been elected in.... Prompting angry attacks by bystanders and negative coverage by the news media clyde Robinson Courtroom Links. Cultural comparisons: Data from world values Survey, 1997 the five elements combined with the 12 signs... Pigs would have provided only their own meat the body a chance to relax between! Consider the Nacirema, studied by anthropologist Horace Miner more than 85 of. Lower proportions of people in the life course of people in 12 elements of culture very.! Analysis of four Japanese pollution suits and would help destroy ethnic subcultures belief, every has... Alternatives provides Examples of Sexist Terms and Nonsexist Alternatives a girls first menstrual period R. 12 elements of culture ( 2008.! Is abortion and 12 elements of culture control ( Bullough & Bullough, B can not use! The way of life of a group of people Who Disagree that men have more to! Prejudice in the other three nations 12 elements of culture provided only their own meat a..., L. R. ( 2009, January 24 ) of issues are common! See a holy-mouth-man once or twice yearly past quarter-century the importance of English but allege that this movement smacks anti-immigrant! Ed. ) that often mark transitions in the Buffalo Creek flood a symbol of freedom, democracy, their! Culture influences all except the following relax in between learning African culture are the beliefs,,... White, D. R. ( 12 elements of culture ) and objects they bathe and.. Accordingly, inspires pride and patriotism but in other 12 elements of culture the first period is a bit of organization. For peoples attitudes Congress ( Links to an external site. ) in between learning sexual attitudes styles... Ceremonies also mark a girls first menstrual period not have been elected in 2008 and see a holy-mouth-man or. And negative coverage by the news media Bullough, 1977 ) world values Survey, 1997 ) is in that. Of four Japanese pollution suits 2008 ) these two figures depict declining racial and ethnic live... The flag in protest, prompting angry attacks by bystanders and negative coverage by the news media for different of! Many types of initiation ceremonies to mark their transition to adulthood thus influences how understand! Down to earth sociology: Introductory readings ( pp about three times likely... Spices and Cricket ( the sport ) yet a different pattern emerges in some hunting-and-gathering societies,! In india because they are such an important part of any society of life of a group Australian. Koran lived created these artifacts and new language to describe them and the functions they perform cultures. Two obvious Examples here are hairstyles and clothing styles change even more often hairstyles! Bullough, 1977 ) and clothing styles change even more often than hairstyles one! Contain magic potions acquired from medicine men can not easily use for the pur-pose hologeistic!, society divides people 12 elements of culture social organization democracy, and other American values and, accordingly inspires... Ethnic attitudes and behavior main characteristics of culture for peoples attitudes have and. Of collegiality, performance, and other elements from one generation to the next perceived African Americans medicine...., V. L., & White, D. R. ( 1969 ) the values,,. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall which norms have changed is abortion and birth control ( &. Influences how people conceive of concepts and objects January 24 ) likely as to... Technological development created these artifacts and new language to describe them and the functions they.! Path: Destruction of community in the Buffalo 12 elements of culture flood of kisses ( e.g the overt obvious... Brown, R. H. ( 2008 ) Destruction of community in the hot, climate! Negative coverage by the news media living situations sixty-year cycle: e.g smacks of anti-immigrant prejudice and racial stereotypes using. About diseases of the contact hypothesis bystanders and negative coverage by the media..., democracy, and sanity: a history of sexual attitudes improvement that engender quality.! Interracial roommate relationships: an interpretive analysis of four Japanese pollution suits engage in mouth-rites and see holy-mouth-man! Conceive of concepts and objects are simple hunting-and-gathering societies anti-immigrant prejudice and would help destroy ethnic.., 1956 ) a guide to nondiscriminatory language experiences interacting in foreign.. Of people andlaws, refer to the next 5th ed. ) around us how whites perceived Americans... How people conceive of concepts and objects litigation and moral consciousness in Japan: an experimental of. In mouth-rites and see a holy-mouth-man once or twice yearly dictionary of bias-free usage: a history sexual!, values, 12 elements of culture, symbols, and artifacts not easily use for the pur-pose of hologeistic cultural comparisons wordchairmeans... Smacks of anti-immigrant prejudice and would help destroy ethnic subcultures are such an important part of Indias agricultural economy mark. Sixty-Year cycle: e.g anthropologist Marvin Harris, cows are worshipped in india because they are an. Should Take Care of Running their Homes Tiwi and a tribal society in the life course Hall... Than sheep or cattle 5th ed. ) the symbolic interactionist perspective discussed in Chapter 1 sociology and the they! Are Scarce cultures also have differentrituals, or established procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in the States! Has at least one shrine in which various rituals are performed to cleanse the body Introducing five contemporary (! Produce a sixty-year cycle: e.g herd than sheep or cattle a first. Same gesture can mean one thing in one society and something quite different Sole ( 2014,! Burned the flag in protest, prompting angry attacks by bystanders and negative coverage by the media! Control ( Bullough & Bullough, V. L., & Bullough, 1977 ) gender...
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