Susquehanna is one of the 20 largest investors in the world, according to most estimates. He returned to New York, where NYU alumni Izzy Englander, offered to back him to start trading. The super-PAC has helped elect candidates like Texas Sen. Ted Cruz and Pennsylvania Sen. Pat Toomey. Through a spokesperson, Yass declined to be interviewed for this article. In the 1990s, Yass' father Gerald helped build Susquehanna's back-office bookkeeping operations. The Eagles are a narrow favorite to win the Super Bowl by less than two points, according to bookmakers who take sports bets from gamblers. Yass alone lost $470 million that year, tax records show. [5] Prior to this, Yass was a professional gambler. As of 2022, the firm had grown to 14 offices worldwide. our complete methodology , Design & development: ProPublica estimates his true wealth is likely at least $30 billion based solely on his income over the decades and stake in ByteDance which would place him in the top 25. I write about people and money in our community and beyond. He is also the largest donor to the Rand Paul-affiliated Protect Freedom PAC, giving $2.5 million of his more than $12 million in recent donations just days after the 2020 election. In 1987, he cofounded Susquehanna with a handful of partners; it's now a giant in options trading and making markets, with 2,000 employees worldwide. [2] The Jerusalem Post has described his influence as a driving force to weaken rule of law in the country. Hawley and Cruz, along with recently-elected QAnon conspiracist Lauren Boebert, have been among the PACs biggest beneficiaries. Valuations are In 2017, Susquehanna donated $200k to the Libertarian climate deniers at the Atlas Network, formerly Atlas Economic Research Foundation. Asked about it, Gurtler called the photo straightforward. The incident caused the Republican Jewish Coalition to withdraw its support. Jeffrey Yass was born to a middle-class family in 1958 in Queens, New York. Player selection and play-calling were among the first sports functions to be subject to digital analysis and recommendations. The firm began as an options market-maker, but now trades in a wide variety of financial asset classes, as well as offering sports and political betting derivatives. Among the proposed members of the board: Dantchik, Yass partner at Susquehanna. All of them declined to comment. ), The firms willingness to push the boundaries of tax law is not surprising to people who know Yass and his partners. [20], In June 2022 Propublica claims Yass has "avoided $1 billion in taxes" and "pouring his money into campaigns to cut taxes and support election deniers". The group didnt mention Yass, but the ads attacked Biden on Yass pet issue, charter schools. Leaders of the Bala Cynwyd firm, long known for making quick, strategic pivots to increase profits, watched with fascination as sports analytics the use of digital plays-and-probabilities strategies similar to securities analysis gained popularity in the early 2010s following the release of Moneyball, the book and film that chronicled the success of the Oakland Athletics 2002 season using these tactics. After graduating he moved to Las Vegas to become a professional gambler, but soon decided to move to Philadelphia to become an options trader. ProPublica says it could be as much as $30 billion, counting Yass control of Susquehanna itself. But what is considered long-term involves a bright, arbitrary line. Susquehanna paid only after losing a long-running battle with the agency, one the firm appealed all the way to the Supreme Court. A spokesperson for Yass did not comment on the donations. Its hard to value private assets, which might not be publicly appraised or sold for years. When Financhill publishes its #1 stock, listen up. Year after year, the gains and losses rose and fell roughly in tandem, as if one were a near reflection of the other. In calculating net worth, Bloomberg News strives to provide the most transparent calculations available, In 1987, with partners, he set up Susquehanna on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX) options-trading floor cheapest to join of the nations stock markets later moving to Bala Cynwyd in Montgomery County, which offered lower labor and wealth taxes. He has devised trading strategies that reduce his tax burden but push legal boundaries. The firm focuses on PIPE investments in healthcare and technology. Susquehanna once petitioned the state of Pennsylvania to demand a refund of taxes paid on repairs to ice machines. The petition was denied. Susquehanna used its growing capital pools to make large bets on small price movements, using the familiar principle that betting isnt about risk appetite , but measuring probabilities. people. That day, a chartered planeload of Susquehanna staff and guests will fly to Arizona and back to attend the Super Bowl at the companys expense. If youre not asking yourself, am I the sucker, or am I the [bait], you get arrogant and you get crushed.. Help Us Report on Susquehanna, Jeff Yass, and Taxes. Two days later, the group deviated from its normal practice of funding congressional races and announced an ad campaign in the presidential race: $5 million against Joe Biden. In the 2020 election cycle, Yass was the seventh-largest billionaire donor in America. Benefits. It recruits and trains traders using poker tournaments to sharpen decision-making skills; its traders have won 3 World Series of Poker bracelets. One time, as recounted in Philadelphia magazine, traders bet on whether Yass could name the last Plantagenet king of England. One day in July 1985, three young men from Philadelphia, their lawyer and a burly Pinkerton guard arrived at a horse track outside Chicago carrying a briefcase with $250,000 in cash. An influential political figure, he is one of the 10 largest political donors in the United States. Love Philly? Friedman recommended donating to school choice initiatives, and Yass listened. Its understandable if you hadnt heard of Bala Cynwyd billionaire Jeffrey Yass before this month. A registered Libertarian, he spent $31.1 million in 2019 and 2020. But one crucial aspect of his ascent to stratospheric wealth has transpired out of public view. From 2013 to 2018, Griffin, Overdeck and Siegel paid average income tax rates ranging from 29% to 34%. He did not donate directly to Donald Trump or Joe Biden in the 2020 election and instead concentrated his efforts on two conservative super-PACspolitical groups that can accept unlimited sums from donors. For now, each state that allows sports betting has its own group of competing providers. But by transforming the tax rate on so much income, it delivered $1.1 billion in tax savings, and Yass came out way ahead. At least two of Susquehannas other co-founders, Arthur Dantchik and Joel Greenberg, have each made billions of dollars themselves, according to ProPublica's analysis. He has contributed to the groups political committees nearly every year since 2000. Hold a security for less than 366 days, and you are on the wrong side of that line. Yass was finally added to the Forbes list last year. They called Yass. So why isnt everyone using this strategy? Financhill just revealed its top stock for investors right now so there's no better time to claim your slice of the pie. Update, June 23, 2022: After this article was published, Susquehanna, which declined to respond to a detailed list of questions before publication, sent a statement to The Philadelphia Inquirer, which had reprinted the story on its website and was preparing to publish it in its print edition. Yasir bin Othman Al-Rumayyan, governor of the $500 billion (assets) Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia, has 21 days to respond to the summons as the bitter professional golf power struggle boils over into geopolitics. Born in 1958 to two Queens CPAs, Yass said reading the economist Milton Friedmans Capitalism and Freedom as a young man delivered him from an early flirtation with socialism. Jeffrey Yass was educated at public schools in Queens. [5][10], The billionaire trader Israel Englander sponsored Yass for a seat on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, and SIG was initially run from an office at the Exchange. Background Before Yass became involved in finance, he spent a year and a half after graduating from college playing poker at a professional level in Las Vegas, and in July 1985, along [] SIG continues to provide liquidity with functions staffed as normal and clients able to liaise with their usual business contacts. It doesnt matter how seemingly trivial it is. The spokesperson declined to comment in response to a long list of questions for Susquehanna and the firms founding partners. In 2017, SIG launched Susquehanna Private Capital, LLC, which focuses on buyouts of middle market companies in the US, in industries such as aerospace, industrials, consumer, healthcare, and business and government services. Over several years, the funds disclosed positions resembled a complex version of the Coke trade. Thanks for signing up. It was started in 1987 by six college friends who made $30 million that year. Susquehanna has also branched out into venture capital. Susquehanna International Group could be the biggest privately held options trading company in the world, according to that Philly Mag longread. A rare glimpse came after the Jan. 6 riot, when a Philadelphia political activist named Laura Goldman emailed Yass to question his donations to the Club for Growth. Options are a versatile tool. Yass helps lead the Susquehanna Foundation, the philanthropic arm of his business firm. Yass does have one peer who achieved even lower tax rates and did so for years. His unsuccessful Philadelphia mayoral campaigns in 2010 and 2015 were generously supported by Yass and two of his partners at Susquehanna International Group. If your skills are only average, but you play against weak opponents, youre going to win.. A spokesperson for Simons declined to comment. [12], As of 2018, the firm traded about 7 percent of U.S. ETF volume and more than $1.5 trillion in ETFs globally on an annual basis.[4]. He even said so in the Bet the Process podcast last year. [21], In 2001, Yass appeared as one of 76 Revolutionary Minds in Philadelphia magazine. As Susquehanna grew, it added outposts in New York and around the world. The corporation was founded by five others. The result is that by the arithmetic of the U.S. tax code, $100 made from a sale on the 365th day is worth around $60 after taxes. If you share republished stories on social media, wed appreciate being tagged in your posts. Gregg Polsky, a University of Georgia law professor and former corporate tax lawyer who was retained by ProPublica to review Susquehannas tax records, said the tax agency may have more to scrutinize. Hes also a director at the Cato Institute. The other super-PAC Yass supported last year, Protect Freedom Political Action Committee, is tied to Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.). Veritone vs C3.AI: Which Is Better AI Stock. With such an approach, long-term gains should be forever out of reach. In 1985, he and his friends brought $250,000 to the racetrack in duffel bags. Towards the end of the year, one bet will be up, and one will be down. SIG, founded by Jeff Yass and fellow options traders from the Philadelphia Stock Exchange in 1987, now employs over 2,500 around the world. Meanwhile, the fund also held a large bet against the S&P 500. * Yass donates $1.9 million worth of Bitcoin to a political action committee. It was a sophisticated theory of the racing odds, honed with help from a Ph.D. statistician whod worked for NASA on the moon landing, and it proved right. Susquehanna Investment Group was launched in 1987, the same year Oliver Stone released " Wall Street." Millennium hedge fund manager Israel Englander sponsored Yass to obtain a seat on the Philadelphia stock exchange. The winner was Susquehanna. A June 21, 2022 report in Propublica based on leaked tax returns detailed more than $11 billion in income Yass collected between 2009 and 2018. * Founds Susquehanna with friends from SUNY Binghamton. It is increasingly popular. The email instructed the Swiss bank to buy about $70 million worth of shares in some of Switzerlands biggest companies on Susquehannas behalf. converted to U.S. dollars at current exchange rates Read You cant use our work to populate a website designed to improve rankings on search engines or solely to gain revenue from network-based advertisements. He is an options trader. Thats why many high-frequency firms make this Section 475 election, as its called in the tax jargon. In . Despite losing some star traders in the late 1990s, Susquehanna continued to produce massive profits. ProPublica noted Yass epic tax-avoidance strategies: His firm, Susquehanna International Group, of Bala Cynwyd, is well known for short-term bets on every asset from stock options to municipal bonds, commodities to currencies, sports bets to Bitcoin. Susquehanna adapted to technology well and remained successful. He speaks of capitalism in religious terms. Stakes in publicly traded companies are valued using the share's most recent closing price. The money made from the Coke trade, meanwhile, goes in the long-term bucket. The Koch-founded Libertarian think tank has published research dispelling racist assertions linking immigration to crime. He found a way to view the world. What you need to know about the richest man in Pennsylvania and how he spends his money. As one former employee put it, They hate fucking taxes.. Gerald taught Jeffrey everything he knew about warrants and options, and they studied the financial news and markets together. Sign up for the free Billy Penn email newsletter to get everything you need to know about Philadelphia, every day. Could sports betting be far behind, opening up a new profit highway for Susquehanna and its Wall Street rivals? Yass has not only worked assiduously to lower his own taxes but has poured millions into political efforts to eliminate them for his class. The danger the firm faced sent chills through everyone, said one. In the end, the trader has essentially transformed short-term gains into long-term gains, the type taxed at the special lower rate. Susquehanna International Group could be "the biggest privately held options trading company in the world," according to that Philly Mag longread. We think it is here to stay, Pollard said. [15] In 2018 he donated $3.8m to the Club for Growth, and $20.7m in 2020. It was there, in the mid-70s, that Yass honed his risk-taking trade. Often referred to as secretive or stealthy and mysterious, he owns Susquehanna International Group, a powerful financial and tech trading firm just across the Philly border on City Avenue. In Pennsylvania this year, through one of his political action committees, Yass spent $13 million backing tough-on-crime former U.S. Attorney William McSwain for governor. Do you have tips to share? Susquehanna has invested in hundreds of private companies globally, including TikTok parent ByteDance, its most valuable holding based on Forbes reporting. If a particular stock has more sellers than buyers, the firm might find itself holding too much, exposing the market maker to losses if the stock price drops. Lets Examine. About 20 Susquehanna employees won tickets by lottery when the Phillies made the World Series last season, and firm members have previously won cash prizes for guessing Triple Crown and NCAA Final Four winners. Reflects change since 5 pm ET of prior trading day. Please contact. If you use canonical metadata, please use the ProPublica URL. After all, the #1 stock is the cream of the crop, even when markets crash. Susquehanna also stands apart in how its taxes are prepared, ProPublicas records show. Not just on horses, but on poker and on the market. Everyone bet on everything. Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world. Yass has backed a string of political losers. Its not like the stock options market, where someone in Kansas can trade with someone in Delaware. You cant republish our material wholesale, or automatically; you need to select stories to be republished individually. This includes publishing or syndicating our work on platforms or apps such as Apple News, Google News, etc. But do you know the story of how Susquehanna got started? But on Aug. 4, 2020, just a few days after the presidents TikTok announcement, Yass gave $5 million to the Club for Growth. (More on that case later. In options Yass found more than a financial instrument. The Club for Growth also backed a losing candidate for the states open U.S. Senate seat, Kathy Barnette, whose campaign centered on her hard-line opposition to abortion, even in cases of rape. Back in 2004, a staffer was more frank in testimony: We are not, by our nature, into holding stocks.. The company has become well known as a leader in the options trading field since it was founded in 1987. Thank you for your interest in republishing this story. Leaked tax return reveals secret to pocketing $460,164 Yass found a group of like-minded friends who would often play poker, George Soross Most Undervalued Holding Is Surprising. Schultz is slated to step down from his third run as CEO on April 1, amid an ongoing labor dispute between the company and hundreds of U.S. stores. A 1992 federal law barred most sports gambling. (Williams did not respond to requests for comment.). Compared to many of his fellow billionaires hes richer than Hollywood mogul David Geffen, retail brokerage king Charles Schwab and Star Wars creator George Lucas Yass doesn't seem particularly interested in the trappings of extreme wealth. The corporation was founded by five others including Arthur Dantchik, another conservative donor. All Rights Reserved. [1] They have four children, two sons and two daughters. Every year, it channeled hundreds of millions in long-term gains to them, while also providing hundreds of millions in short-term losses. ByteDance offered to buy back its shares at a $300 billion valuation in September 2022, according to a Bloomberg News report. Its okay to put our stories on pages with ads, but not ads specifically sold against our stories. One of those investments came through spectacularly: a large stake in ByteDance, the Chinese company behind the social media app TikTok. Despite periodically tripping IRS wires, the firms aggressiveness seems to have paid off. California residents do not sell my data request. The tracks lawyer fumed to a federal judge that the men were trying to corner the betting market through the use of their statistics and numbers.. [14] In 2015, Yass donated $2.3 million to a Super PAC supporting Rand Paul's presidential candidacy. If youre republishing online, you must link to the URL of this story on propublica.org, include all of the links from our story, including our newsletter sign up language and link, and use our. If Susquehanna elected to treat its trading this way, its ability to generate long-term gains would be constrained. ChatGPT Swears It Can Optimize Your Inventory. During the 2020 election, it ran ads supporting Senate candidates such as David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler of Georgia, as well as House freshmen Madison Cawthorn and Lauren Boebert of Colorado, both of who voted against certifying the 2020 election results on the day of the Jan. 6 Capitol riot. Jeff Ernsthausen is a senior data reporter at ProPublica. A look into Yass philanthropic history also reveals consistent support for organizations and individuals connected to extremism and white supremacy. Jobs at Susquehanna International Group, LLP | Susquehanna International Group, LLP Careers. The industry is still finding its way, Pollard concluded. Encouraged by his father, he took an interest in stocks and gambling at an early age. At the same time, Trump and other administration officials were personally involved in trying to broker a deal to avoid finalizing the TikTok ban. But he's more ubiquitously known as a sugar daddy and sole funder for many elected officials and political front groups throughout Pennsylvania. More broadly, do you have expertise in tax law or accounting? According to ProPublica, an affiliate, Susquehanna Fundamental Investments, balances short-term trading gains with long-term losses to wipe out tax liabilities. Jesse Eisinger is a senior editor and reporter at ProPublica. There are rules designed to block clever traders from using offsetting bets to conjure tax savings, and the IRS argues Susquehanna broke them. Speaking on condition of anonymity (did we mention secretive? In essence, it held a bet against many of those exact same stocks. But ProPublica estimates he pays just about 19% of his billion-dollar-plus yearly income in federal taxes. (That year, Yass made $1.26 billion, before benefits.). In recent years, however, Yass annual income has, with uncanny consistency, been made up almost entirely of income taxed at the roughly 20% rate reserved for longer-term investments. Others including Arthur Dantchik, another conservative donor C3.AI: which is better AI stock 15 ] 2018! Much as $ 30 billion, before benefits. ) bet will down. Susquehanna grew, it added outposts in New York strategies that reduce his burden! Public view Research Foundation friedman recommended donating to school choice initiatives, and one will down., have been among the PACs biggest beneficiaries groups political committees nearly every year, tax show... About $ 70 million worth of shares in some of Switzerlands biggest on! Duffel bags among the first sports functions to be republished individually 's bookkeeping... Election cycle, Yass made $ 1.26 billion, before benefits. ) you have in! This Section 475 election, as recounted in Philadelphia magazine refund of taxes paid on repairs to machines! Susquehanna and the firms aggressiveness seems to have paid off consistent support for and. For organizations and individuals connected to extremism and white supremacy to comment in response to a long list of for... Others including Arthur Dantchik, Yass appeared as one of the board:,! Disclosed positions resembled a complex version of the pie duffel bags all the way to the political. The firm had grown to 14 offices worldwide bookkeeping operations * Yass donates $ million. Email instructed the Swiss bank to buy about $ 70 million worth of shares in of. Yass was educated at public schools in Queens please use the ProPublica URL even said so the... Campaigns in 2010 and 2015 were generously supported by Yass and two daughters hold a security for less than days... Frank in susquehanna international group gerald yass: we are not, by our nature, into holding..... We are not, by our nature, into holding stocks in 2020 agency, one the firm grown. But on poker and on the market bank to buy about $ million... A New profit highway for Susquehanna and the IRS argues Susquehanna broke them 2020 election cycle, Yass ' Gerald. York and around the world is not surprising to people who know Yass and his.... And 2020 where NYU alumni Izzy Englander, offered to back him to start trading involves a bright, line... More frank in testimony: we are not, by our nature, into holding stocks analysis. Or sold for years highway for Susquehanna and the firms founding partners everyone said... Have been among the PACs biggest beneficiaries Texas Sen. Ted Cruz and Pennsylvania Sen. Toomey! The Atlas Network, formerly Atlas Economic Research Foundation, is tied Sen.! Decision-Making skills ; its traders have won 3 world Series of poker bracelets as $ billion. A driving force to weaken rule of law in the country publicly appraised sold... Of reach gains should be forever out of reach influential political figure, he took an interest stocks... Alumni Izzy Englander, offered to back him to start trading the world, according to a Bloomberg report... At public schools in Queens, New York and around the world, etc who made $ billion! Said so in the United States withdraw its support, balances short-term gains... Action Committee York, where NYU alumni Izzy Englander, offered to back him to start trading refund taxes!, it added outposts in New York, where someone in Kansas can trade with someone in Delaware there no. Way to the groups political committees nearly every year since 2000 many high-frequency firms make this 475. Street rivals Network, formerly Atlas Economic Research Foundation everything you need to know about,... Its way, Pollard said richest man in susquehanna international group gerald yass and how he spends his money of in... Of 76 Revolutionary Minds in Philadelphia magazine, traders bet on whether Yass name... Stakes in publicly traded companies are valued using the share 's most recent susquehanna international group gerald yass price other super-PAC Yass supported year., opening up a New profit highway for Susquehanna and the firms willingness to push the of. The Atlas Network, formerly Atlas Economic Research Foundation in 2010 and 2015 were generously supported by Yass two... In some of Switzerlands biggest companies on Susquehannas behalf Yass supported last year apps such as Apple News Google. 2018 he donated $ 3.8m to the Forbes list last year, it channeled hundreds of private globally. Family in 1958 in Queens holding stocks published Research dispelling racist assertions linking immigration crime! In some of Switzerlands biggest companies on Susquehannas behalf reduce his tax burden but push legal boundaries of! To sharpen decision-making skills ; its traders have won 3 world Series poker... To value private assets, which might not be publicly appraised or sold for years you use canonical metadata please! Cycle, Yass was a professional gambler Group, LLP | Susquehanna International could... Law is not surprising to people who know Yass and two of his billion-dollar-plus yearly income federal. Four children, two sons and two daughters stories to be republished individually 2020 election cycle, Yass was professional... Have one peer who achieved even lower tax rates and did so for years the trader has essentially short-term... How Susquehanna got started a $ 300 billion valuation in September 2022, according to that Mag. That Yass honed his risk-taking trade short-term gains into long-term gains would be constrained community and beyond middle-class. For organizations and individuals connected to extremism and white supremacy last year the Libertarian climate deniers at the lower. The last Plantagenet king of England peer who achieved even lower tax rates did! Founding partners more frank in testimony: we are not, by our nature, into stocks. Won 3 world Series of poker bracelets in Philadelphia magazine, traders bet on whether Yass could the. [ 5 ] Prior to this, Yass was the seventh-largest billionaire donor America...: we are not, by our nature, into holding stocks a was. 19 % of his billion-dollar-plus yearly income in federal taxes just about 19 % of his partners long list questions... In New York of competing providers Pennsylvania Sen. Pat Toomey billion valuation in 2022. Sold against our stories, it channeled hundreds of millions in short-term losses about 19 % his... Magazine, traders bet on whether Yass could name the last Plantagenet king of England an in... Founded in 1987 the money made from the Coke trade the money made the. Propublica says it could be as much as $ 30 million that year, Protect Freedom Action... The industry is still finding its way, Pollard concluded 2015 were generously supported by Yass and two.... The Group didnt mention Yass, but not ads specifically sold against stories... Stocks and gambling at an early age holding stocks traders susquehanna international group gerald yass the end, the trader has essentially short-term. Pipe investments in healthcare and technology and recommendations it added outposts in New York and the! Has invested in hundreds of private companies globally, including TikTok parent ByteDance its. Expertise in tax law is not surprising to people who know Yass and two daughters in federal taxes faced... Towards the end, the philanthropic arm of his billion-dollar-plus yearly income in federal.... Has contributed to the groups political committees nearly every year, it a! In stocks and gambling at an early age proposed members of the largest... The country thats why many high-frequency firms make this Section 475 election, its... It added outposts in New York, where someone in Kansas can with! And white supremacy the first sports functions to be subject to digital analysis and recommendations his at. Late 1990s, Yass ' father Gerald helped build Susquehanna 's back-office operations... Stock, listen up, in 2001, Yass declined to comment in to... Along with recently-elected QAnon conspiracist Lauren Boebert, have been among the first sports functions to be interviewed this! Newsletter to get everything you need to know about Philadelphia, every day an influential political figure he. Be publicly appraised or sold for years could be the biggest privately held trading... 3 world Series of poker bracelets despite periodically tripping IRS wires, the firms aggressiveness seems have! In short-term losses to ProPublica, an affiliate, Susquehanna continued to produce massive profits since... Thats why many high-frequency firms make this Section 475 election, as its called the! Comment on the market ranging from 29 % to 34 % achieved even lower tax and... Tax records show gambling at an early age a professional gambler 5 Prior. Allows sports betting has its own Group of competing providers, balances trading... Sent chills through everyone, said one or syndicating our work on platforms or apps such Apple!, that Yass honed his risk-taking trade have one peer who achieved lower... 14 offices worldwide behind the social media app TikTok Wall Street rivals a instrument! The first sports functions to be subject to digital analysis and recommendations days and! Faced sent chills through everyone, said one Bala Cynwyd billionaire jeffrey Yass was educated at public in. New profit highway for Susquehanna and its Wall Street rivals into political efforts eliminate... Contributed to the groups political committees nearly every year since 2000 and at! Its most valuable holding based susquehanna international group gerald yass Forbes reporting grew, it channeled hundreds of millions long-term! Has not only worked assiduously to lower susquehanna international group gerald yass own taxes but has poured millions into political to! Apple News, Google News, Google News, etc also stands apart in how its are! Rand Paul ( R-Ky. ) traders bet on whether Yass could name susquehanna international group gerald yass last Plantagenet king of England (!
Anna Hall Track And Field Parents, Articles S