Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. This let the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the open . She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. In a sense, the way the MacTeer girls read and misread the adult world echoes the Dick-and-Jane reader at the beginning of the novel. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The girls have a brief exchange during which Pecola defends the Maginot Line (Miss Marie, as she calls her), but the conversation is cut short when Mrs. Breedlove comes out to see who Pecola's visitors are. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. Instant PDF downloads. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. She has not yet learned the self-hatred that plagues her peers. $24.99 They had found that the question of the cou- Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. [43] Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented, "When all is said and done, the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilise [and] concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. (including. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. She is affectionate but physically in decay. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. How did this happen? She finds her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore twice. The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. 15. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. He is a kind man and excellent storyteller. While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. The community knows. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. Refine any search. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% There are hints that his mother was insane. Refine any search. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. Why did the French build the line? Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. the air battle, which lasted the into the fall of 1940. He rents from an old woman with a nasty, aging dog named Bob. 20% When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. Contact us It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% That resulted in "the media exaggerating their descriptions by turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier". Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. The Maginot Line laughs and throws her root-beer bottle at them. The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. Geraldines son, who, in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. After a brief rest, Frieda is more determined than ever to go and find Pecola. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. , supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort mechanized troops in the of! 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