[123], In January 1801, Arnold's health began to decline. [33], The Second Continental Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec, in part on the urging of Arnoldbut he was passed over for command of the expedition. He was imprisoned by French authorities on Guadeloupe amid accusations of spying for the British, and narrowly eluded hanging by escaping to the blockading British fleet after bribing his guards. Though Trump has checked off the betray the USA box quite well. [109] They also attacked and captured Fort Griswold across the river in Groton, Connecticut, slaughtering the Americans after they surrendered following the Battle of Groton Heightsand all these deeds were done just a few miles down the Thames River from Norwich, where Arnold grew up. [22], The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 severely curtailed mercantile trade in the colonies. [82] When he reached Connecticut, Arnold arranged to sell his home there and began transferring assets to London through intermediaries in New York. [103], Washington remained calm when he was presented with evidence of Arnold's treason. Their friendship became the foundation for the treason for which Peggy's. Arnold arrived in New Brunswick in December 1785, so Sage's mother could not have been from there. Arnold and Wemyss faced similar situations but created different legaciesWemyss "served with distinction during the war" but became a footnote in history; Arnold lost the respect of people on all sides of the Revolution and his name became synonymously linked to treason. By. It was General Arnold. [86], Arnold's command at West Point also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. He also faced financial ruin, falling 16,000[b] in debt with creditors spreading rumors of his insolvency, to the point where he took legal action against them. When Arnold learned the following morning that Andr had been caught and that . When in February 1777 Congress created five new major generalships, Arnold was passed over in favour of his juniors. In 1763, he repaid money that he had borrowed from the Lathrops,[17] repurchased the family homestead that his father had sold when deeply in debt, and re-sold it a year later for a substantial profit. Again he tried to resign, but in July he accepted a government order to help stem the British advance into upper New York. In April of 1775, after learning about the conflicts at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, Arnold organized his men in preparation for a march to Cambridge to aid in the fight against the British . Later,. Benedict Arnold was born a British subject, the second of six children of his father Benedict Arnold III (16831761) and Hannah Waterman King in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. Stansbury's testimony before a British commission erroneously placed his meeting with Arnold in June. Jul 4, 2020, 05:04 AM EDT | Updated Jul 4, 2020. [27] Their son Benedict was born the following year[28] and was followed by brothers Richard in 1769 and Henry in 1772. He then took the letter back to Connecticut, suspicious of Arnold's actions, where he delivered it to the head of the Connecticut militia. A colonial resident by birth, Arnold made his living as a merchant before joining the American military to defend against the British. Arnold reopened the secret channels with the British, informing them of Schuyler's proposals and including Schuyler's assessment of conditions at West Point. Excited by the prospects, Clinton informed his superiors of his intelligence coup, but failed to respond to Arnold's July 7 letter. [39] He took the opportunity to visit his children while near his home in New Haven, and he spent much of the winter socializing in Boston, where he unsuccessfully courted a young belle named Betsy Deblois. Many historians see her as having facilitated Arnold's plans to switch sides; he opened secret negotiations with her friend Andr, and she relayed their messages to each other. In 1764, he formed a partnership with Adam Babcock, another young New Haven merchant. While this is the case, no power in this country could suddenly place you in the situation you aim at under the East India Company. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. His father was a successful businessman and young Arnold was educated in private schools. The French had besieged Fort William Henry in northeastern New York, and their Indian allies had committed atrocities after their victory. Benedict Arnold (14 January 1741 [O.S. Benedict Arnold, despite his bravery on the battlefield, eventually switched sides and became the most infamous traitor in American history. "No one has betrayed those in uniform like Donald Trump ," said the voiceover in the latest ad . Therefore, the answer to your question is no, we do not commemorate Benedict Arnold. At a prearranged rendezvous point on the shoreline his contact arrived just after midnight. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. [1] [7] Arnold was the fourth surviving member of his family named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold I, an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island; his grandfather (Benedict Arnold II) and father, as well as an older brother who died in infancy, were also named for the colonial governor. On the morning of September 22, from their position at Teller's Point, two American rebels, John "Jack" Peterson and Moses Sherwood, under the command of Col. James Livingston fired on HMS Vulture, the ship that was intended to carry Andr back to New York. Washington was one of the few who genuinely liked and admired him, but Arnold thought that Washington had betrayed him. He is also believed to have built the first U.S. telescope. [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. The prisoner seemed suprised to see the gallows, but walked calmy toward it. General Parsons laid it aside, seeing a letter written as a coded business discussion. In his martial success, he became the target of jealous mediocrities. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. The prisoner was dressed in miltary uniform. Benedict Arnold Is America's Most Famous Traitor. He also began to insist on a face-to-face meeting, and suggested to Arnold that he pursue another high-level command. The band played a funeral march. He knew that he was distrusted and disliked by senior military officers on both sides. He was extremely unpopular there and returned to London permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later. But You Probably Don't Know His Whole Story Illustration showing Major General Benedict Arnold (1741 - 1801) rallying the American troops. Benedict Arnold was born on Jan. 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. [1][7] Arnold was the fourth surviving member of his family named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold I, an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island; his grandfather (Benedict Arnold II) and father, as well as an older brother who died in infancy, were also named for the colonial governor. He organized the militia response, along with David Wooster and Connecticut militia General Gold Selleck Silliman. He was named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold who was once governor of the colony of Connecticut. Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold brought his men on a dangerous trek through the . [132], Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. 4. [1] [75], Arnold's court martial on charges of profiteering began meeting on June 1, 1779, but it was delayed until December 1779 by Clinton's capture of Stony Point, New York, throwing the army into a flurry of activity to react. Updates? Benedict Arnold led the attack at the British Fort of Ticonderoga. On May 9, Franklin introduced Stansbury to Major Andr, who had just been named the British spy chief. As the park's Facebook page explains, the hero's name was left off the monument for a reason. Four days later, Arnold sent a ciphered letter with similar content into New York through the services of the wife of a prisoner of war. Benedict died of natural causes, maybe a fever. She was a close friend of British major John Andr and kept in contact with him when he became head of the British espionage system in New York. 3 January 1740][1][a] June 14, 1801) was an American-born military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. His first name was actually Enoch. Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticutthe fifth person in his family to be named Benedict Arnold. Far fewer know . [16] He was hardworking and successful, and was able to rapidly expand his business. He then presented the attack of Fort Ticonderoga. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. He engaged in a variety of business deals designed to profit from war-related supply movements and benefiting from the protection of his authority. His subordinates, some long-time associates, grumbled about Arnold's unnecessary distribution of supplies and eventually concluded that he was selling them on the black market for personal gain. When American leaders discovered the plot, Arnold fled. Arnold's role in the war was controversial, with some supporting his actions and others supporting the Patriots. Peggy Shippen had barely turned eighteen when in June of 1778, following the evacuation of Philadelphia by a British army, Major General Benedict . In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. The first major biography of his life was The Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold, published in 1832 by historian Jared Sparks; it was particularly harsh in showing how Arnold's treacherous character was formed out of childhood experiences. During the American Revolution, British Major John Andr joined with American General Benedict Arnoldin a scheme to secure British control over the American fortification at West Point, New York. He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. [49][citation not found], Arnold spent several months recovering from his injuries. Upon the outbreak of hostilities at Lexington, Massachusetts (April 1775), Arnold volunteered for service and participated with Ethan Allen in the successful colonial attack on British-held Fort Ticonderoga, New York, the following month. Meanwhile, in April 1779, Arnold married Margaret (Peggy) Shippen, a young woman of loyalist sympathies. Sage's gravestone indicates that he was born on April 14, 14, 1786, a date roughly confirmed by Arnold's will, which stated that Sage was 14 when Arnold wrote it in 1800. [27] Margaret died on June 19, 1775, while Arnold was at Fort Ticonderoga following its capture. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. He returned a hero, but his rash courage and impatient energy had aroused the enmity of several officers. His father was arrested on several occasions for public drunkenness, was refused communion by his church, and died in 1761. The arched, double-door main entrance provided a stately, picturesque quality to the home. Benedict Arnold's name might be the first that comes to mind when we think of treason not just because he was a traitor, but because he was such an unlikely one. In that era, people ate most of the common foods without. [21] However, it is unknown whether this encounter actually happened or not. [48] However, he interpreted the manner in which they did so as an act of sympathy for his wounds, and not an apology or recognition that they were righting a wrong. [8] His siblings were, in order of birth: Benedict (17381739), Hannah (17421803), Mary (17451753), Absolom (17471750), and Elizabeth (17491755). . [139] However, not all depictions of Arnold were so negative. [120] The family left Saint John to return to London in December 1791. He claimed that Arnold was guilty of all kinds of treasonous acts and preferred the company of the British loyalists, all without offering any proof. For several years before he . Some theatrical treatments of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than demonize it. He started as an apprentice Benedict Arnold began the Revolutionary War as a militia captain. [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. When the British took control of Philadelphia in 1777, Peggy met John Andr, a charming, well-educated British officer. 3. He died after four days of delirium on June 14, 1801, at the age of 60. Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". [38], General Washington assigned Arnold to the defense of Rhode Island following the British seizure of Newport in December 1776, where the militia were too poorly equipped to even consider an attack on the British. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. Clinton refused this suggestion; after a military tribunal, Andr was hanged at Tappan, New York, on October 2. A historical marker in Danvers, Massachusetts commemorates Benedict Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec Bayley Seton Hospital in the Clifton section of Staten Island was named in part for Richard Bayley, father of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton Arnold wrote out passes for Andr so that he would be able to pass through the lines, and he also gave him plans for West Point. The absent name is Benedict Arnold, a name now synonymous with "traitor." Many Americans understand why his name has been erased from the chapel of the garrison he once commanded. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". "[144] The victory monument at Saratoga has four niches, three of which are occupied by statues of Generals Gates, Schuyler, and Morgan. During the Revolutionary War, West Point was known as Fort Arnold, but after Benedict Arnold's betrayal, it became known as Fort Clinton. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. Arnold's early life consisted of study at some of the Continent's best private schools. [55], Andr conferred with Clinton, who gave him broad authority to pursue Arnold's offer. [126] As a result of a clerical error in the parish records, his remains were removed to an unmarked mass grave during church renovations a century later. [3] Arnold was buried at St. Mary's Church in Battersea, England. On December 8, 1781, Arnold and his family left New York for England. AD 1781, when the British, under the command of the Traitor Benedict Arnold, burnt the towns of New London and Groton and spread desolation and woe throughout the region. [133] George Canning Hill authored a series of moralistic biographies in the mid-19th century and began his 1865 biography of Arnold: "Benedict, the Traitor, was born". The fort was finally captured by the British in 1759. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [90], Arnold and Andr finally met on September 21 at the Joshua Hett Smith House. [103] He had suffered from gout since 1775,[124] and the condition attacked his unwounded leg to the point where he was unable to go to sea. Benedict Arnold was born in 1741 to a prominent Connecticut family. During this time, Arnold brought his sister Hannah to New Haven and established her in his apothecary to manage the business in his absence. [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. Or was it a kind of extreme midlife crisis, swerving from radical political beliefs to reactionary ones, a change accelerated by his marriage to the very young, very pretty, very Tory Peggy Shippen? Despite his popularity and battlefield prowess, Benedict Arnold eventually broke bad. That autumn he was appointed by Gen. George Washington to command an expedition to capture Quebec. [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. attended Canterbury for a while, but when the family's money was lost in some bad business dealings, he had to leave school. Arnold was let off with just a slap on the wrist, but again his pride had been wounded. [34], Arnold then traveled to Montreal where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. He led a small contingent of militia attempting to stop or slow the British return to the coast in the Battle of Ridgefield, and was again wounded in his left leg. As a young man, Arnold. While there, he disentangled himself from a lawsuit over an unpaid debt that Peggy had been fighting while he was away, paying 900[b] to settle a 12,000[b] loan that he had taken while living in Philadelphia. "Arnold, Benedict (17411801)". He was the second of the couple's six children. The most famous of these occurred on May 10, 1775, when Ethan Allen and his band of Green Mountain Boys, accompanied by Benedict Arnold, who held a commission from . His company marched northeast the following month to assist in the siege of Boston that followed the Battles of Lexington and Concord. General George Washington had given him his fullest trust and had placed him in command of West Point in New York. He and his men were joined by Richard Montgomery's small army and participated in the December 31 assault on Quebec City in which Montgomery was killed and Arnold's leg was shattered. (Benedict Cumberbatch doesn't count; he's British.) Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. While Benedict Arnold escaped to British-occupied New York, where he was protected from punishment. "Since the fall of Lucifer," General Nathanial Greene judged, "nothing has equaled the fall of Arnold." Yet Arnold's accomplishments for the patriot cause were extraordinary. [59] Shippen and her circle of friends had found methods of staying in contact with paramours across the battle lines, despite military bans on communication with the enemy. Arnold's name had become synonymous with the word traitor. Benedict Arnold, shown on the left concealing his plans in John Andr's boot, has become synonymous with treason but before he betrayed America, he saved it. [73] By October 1779, the negotiations had ground to a halt. Arnold was promoted to brigadier general for his role in reaching Quebec, and he maintained an ineffectual siege of the city until he was replaced by Major General David Wooster in April 1776. His chaplain Rev. [117] After her first voyage, Arnold returned to London in 1786 to bring his family to Saint John. Donald Trump has taken over from Benedict Arnold as "America's number one traitor," according to a group of veterans seeking to vote the president out of office this November. He helped organize militia forces on British-held islands, receiving praise from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf. [108], On his return to New York in June, Arnold made a variety of proposals for attacks on economic targets to force the Americans to end the war. Arnold resented this affront, and only Washingtons personal persuasion kept him from resigning. [146] There are also historical markers bearing his name at Wyman Lake Rest Area on US-201 north of Moscow, Maine, on the western bank of Lake Champlain, New York, and two in Skowhegan, Maine.[147]. Omissions? [19][20] The captain was wounded in the first exchange of gunfire, and he apologized when Arnold threatened to aim to kill on the second. However, Arnold was a prominent figure in the American Revolution and, for a time, was a distinguished war hero who simply became . Benedict Arnold was a patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779: "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet ungrateful returns". He performed operations that provided the Americans with relief during the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal 1777 Battles of Saratoga, in which he sustained leg injuries that put him out of combat career for several years. [134] Social historian Brian Carso notes that, as the 19th century progressed, the story of Arnold's betrayal was portrayed with near-mythical proportions as a part of the national history. During the summer of 1778, he met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen (III), a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city;[57] Peggy had been courted by British Major John Andr during the British occupation of Philadelphia. [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. On July 12, he wrote again, making explicit the offer to surrender West Point, although his price rose to 20,000[b] (in addition to indemnification for his losses), with a 1,000[b] down payment to be delivered with the response. Some could even argue that, patriotism aside, it might have seemed insane for him not to turn traitor. On June 16, Arnold inspected West Point while on his way home to Connecticut to take care of personal business, and he sent a highly detailed report through the secret channel. His performance in the Battle of Ridgefield in Connecticut prompted his promotion to major general. Before his betrayal Benedict Arnold was a legitimate hero and a competent officer. His fellow conspirator, Major Andre, was hanged by the Continental army for being a spy. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. An epidemic of yellow fever ravaged Arnold's family in the 1750s, however, claiming three of his . She exerted powerful influence on her husband, who is said to have been his own man but who actually was swayed by his staff and certainly by his wife. According to W. D. Wetherell, he was: [A]mong the hardest human beings to understand in American history. Despite Arnold's defection to the British, he was a fierce patriot for . Especially galling was a long feud with the civil authorities in Philadelphia which led to his court-martial. Shutterstock Though one might guess that the dish was named for Benedict Arnold, the most famous traitor of the American Revolution, it was not. On August 13, Schuyler dispatched him with a force of 900 to relieve the siege of Fort Stanwix, where he succeeded in a ruse to lift the siege. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. The Arnold residence attained the reputation as one of early Amsterdam's finer homes. Historians have identified many possible factors contributing to Arnold's treason, while some debate their relative importance. After the war, he petitioned to have Vermont become a state. "[65] A few days later, Arnold wrote to Greene and lamented over the "deplorable" and "horrid" situation of the country at that particular moment, citing the depreciating currency, disaffection of the army, and internal fighting in Congress, while predicting "impending ruin" if things did not change soon. [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. Arnold never received all of the 20,000 pounds he was promised by the British for becoming a traitor. It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . How did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? Answer (1 of 54): Go up to most British people and ask who Benedict Arnold was, and you will get a resounding "who?" back. Bettmann / Corbis "You have five. Only a few weeks after learning of Arnold's treason, General George Washington enlisted a Continental Army sergeant major named John Champe in a daring mission to capture him from behind. [72] Clinton was pursuing a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River Valley, and was interested in plans and information on the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. [106] This activity brought out Virginia's militia led by Colonel Sampson Mathews, and Arnold eventually retreated to Portsmouth to be reinforced or to evacuate. Only action by Arnold's superior at Ticonderoga prevented his own arrest on countercharges leveled by Hazen. Benedict Arnold High School Gallery Official Name Benedict Arnold High School Location Details Universe Earth-Twelve Country United States of America First Appearance Adventures of Bob Hope #95 ( November, 1965) Contents 1 History 2 Residents 2.1 Students and Alumni 2.2 Faculty 3 Notes 4 See Also History This article is a stub. [a][133] Historical markers in Danvers, Massachusetts, and Newburyport, MA commemorate Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec. [81], Early in April, Philip Schuyler had approached Arnold with the possibility of giving him the command at West Point. Needed repairs were never ordered on the chain across the Hudson. He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. Benedict Arnold was an American Senior Officer during the Revolutionary War. [50] There he participated in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.[51]. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. 5. Apparently, Arnold also had self-confidence issues and his new wife Peggy wasn't helping the situation. The reputation as one of Early Amsterdam & # x27 ; s reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex the. Page across from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf arched double-door. Off the betray the Continental army for being a spy, another young New Haven merchant claiming of. Partnership with Adam Babcock, another young New Haven merchant six children Battersea, England treatments of the &. His fellow conspirator, major Andre, was refused communion by his church, and their Indian had! Was an American senior officer during the Revolutionary War but Arnold thought that had... 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